A specialty concerned with the nature and cause of disease as expressed by changes in cellular or tissue structure and function caused by the disease process. (National Library of Medicine. MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), Pathology MeSH Descriptor Data 2024. https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010336)
Paullinia cupana, commonly known as guarana, is a tropical Amazonian plant species. Its fruit has seeds are used to produce the powdered guarana, which is rich in caffeine and consumed for its stimulating activity. (Adapted from da Silva GS, Canuto KM, Ribeiro PRV, de Brito ES, Nascimento MM, Zocolo GJ, Coutinho JP, de Jesus RM. Chemical profiling of guarana seeds (Paullinia cupana) from different geographical origins using UPLC-QTOF-MS combined with chemometrics. Food Res Int. 2017 Dec;102:700-709. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.055. Epub 2017 Sep 20. PMID: 29196003.)
Stephanitis pyri, the pear lace bug, is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae. It is found in Northern Africa, Southern and Central Europe, and Asia. The species is considered a pest for apple and pear trees, and is said to be polyphagous. (Wikipedia. 2025. Stephanitis pyri https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanitis_pyri)
A spreadable paste made from roasted and ground peanuts by the addition of peanut oil. (FAO & WHO. 2025. General Standard for Food Additives. Codex Standard, No. CXS 192-1995. Rome. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius)
Climate security refers to evaluating, managing, and reducing the risks to peace and stability brought on by the climate crisis. This means ensuring that climate mitigation and adaptation goes beyond doing no harm and contributes positively to peace and stability. It also means that conflict prevention and peacebuilding interventions take climate impacts into account. (UNDP, 2023. The Climate Dictionary. https://www.undp.org/publications/climate-dictionary)
A pearl is a hard, glistening object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled mollusk or another animal, such as fossil conulariids. Just like the shell of a mollusk, a pearl is composed of calcium carbonate (mainly aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite) in minute crystalline form, which has deposited in concentric layers. (Wikipedia. 2025. Pearl. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl)
Peasantry refers to a class of labourers characterised by small holdings and subsistence agricultural activities. (Ministry Of Education. Trinidad and Tobago. nd. CARIBBEAN HISTORY- CORE. Glossary of Terms. The Establishment of the Peasantry.)
Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat)
