Any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life. (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (adopted 21 December 1965, entered into force 4 January 1969) 660 UNTS 195, Art. 1(1).)
Homologous chromosomes: identical with respect to gene content and linear ordering. Homologous chromosomes pair and recombine with one another at meiosis (http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/Y2775E/y2775e08.htm#bm08)
Apartheid refers to the implementation and maintenance of a system of legalized racial segregation in which one racial group is deprived of political and civil rights. (Cornell Law School, Legal Information Institute. 2024. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/apartheid)
