Dark-colored polymers formed through the Maillard reaction by the combination of reducing sugars and amino acids heated at high temperature. (NALT https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/192289)
Scanning microscopy is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using different techniques. For example, a physical probe that scans the specimen (scanning probe microscopy) or by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons (scanning electron microscopy). (,Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_microscopy)
The fennel plant is per se perennial but it is cultivated as annual crop. Green parts of the plant and roots are used raw or boiled as sweet vegetable. Its seeds and berries are normally used as spices, but also have industrial (e.g. in distilleries) and medicinal applications. (FAOTERM and Draft Definition and Classification of Commodities, FAO, 1996 (W2979).)
A dispersion in which a large proportion of gas by volume in the form of gas bubbles, is dispersed in a liquid, solid or gel. The diameter of the bubbles is usually larger than 1 μm, but the thickness of the lamellae between the bubbles is often in the usual colloidal size range. (https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02467
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