Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. (DeCS/MeSH. Pseudogenes. https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=24414)
Recombinant DNA is the method of joining two or more DNA molecules to create a hybrid. (Calculations for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Third Edition), 2016 https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128022115/calculations-for-molecular-biology-and-biotechnology)
The capability, the deployment of a military force based on a policy-defined mission, coordinated in terms of purpose, location, and time is called a military operation. (I. Szendy, Hadelmélet és katonai műveletek. I. kötet. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati és Tankönyv Kiadó Zrt., 2013. Cited in Leskó, G. (2020). Warfare Ecology Approaches in Issues of Military Operations. Military Engineer, 15(2), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.32567/hm.2020.2.7)
Explosive fishing is a destructive fishing practices that involves setting off explosives underwater. Explosives like dynamite are used to kill fish so they float to the surface and can easily be scooped up by nets. (Adapted from Marine Stewardship Council, 2024. Illegal, unreported, unregulated and destructive fishing https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/oceans-at-risk/illegal-unreported-unregulated-iuu-destructive-fishing)
A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. (DeCS/MESH. 2025. Erythromycin. https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=28027)
In somatic hybridization, a process also known as cell fusion, cells growing in a culture medium are stripped of their protective walls, usually using pectinase, cellulase, and hemicellulase enzymes. These stripped cells, called protoplasts, are pooled from different sources and, through the use of varied techniques such as electrical shock, are fused with one another. When two protoplasts fuse, the resulting somatic hybrid contains the genetic material from both plant sources. (National Research Council (US) Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health. Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004. 2, Methods and Mechanisms for Genetic Manipulation of Plants, Animals, and Microorganisms. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215771/)
A somatic hybrid cell or plant that contains the nucleus of only one parent and the cytoplasm of both parents, resulting from the fusion of protoplasts. (Translated from Turkish, 2024. http://terim.tuba.gov.tr/)
A change in the genetic structure that is not inherited from a parent, and also not passed to offspring, is called a somatic mutation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation#Somatic_mutations)
