A toxin released by a bacterium into the medium in which it grows. (FAO Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture, 2001 (http://www.fao.org/biotech/index_glossary.asp?lang=en).)
Enzymes which are immobilized on or in a variety of water-soluble or water-insoluble matrices with little or no loss of their catalytic activity. Since they can be reused continuously, immobilized enzymes have found wide application in the industrial, medical and research fields. (MeSH. 2024. Enzymes, Immobilized. https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D004800)
The body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. It includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components. (The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus)
Diagnosis using serological and other immunological methods; the branch of laboratory medicine dealing with this. (FAOTERM citing Oxford English Dictionary)
A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. (MeSH. 2024. Immunoelectrophoresis. https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007122)
Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. (MeSH. 2024. Adjuvants, Immunologic. https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000276)
The process whereby an egg is fertilized with sperm outside the body of the animal before being re-implanted into the uterus. (FAO. 2015. The Second Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, edited by B.D. Scherf & D. Pilling. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments. Rome (available at http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4787e/index.html).)
Plastic foams, or cellular plastics, have a unique structure comprising a solid polymer matrix and voids containing air phase. (Okoroafor & Frisch, 1995)
The process whereby individuals or organizations bring new or existing products, processes or ways of organization into use for the first time in a specific context in order to increase effectiveness, competitiveness, resilience to shocks or environmental sustainability. (Adapted from FAO. 2019. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Agricultural Innovation for Family Farmers - Unlocking the potential of agricultural innovation to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Rome, FAO https://www.fao.org/3/ca4781en/CA4781EN.pdf)
The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune response-associated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. (https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/42599)
