Natural environment – all the living and non-living things that are naturally present (rather than being created by people) – the soil, water, air, fauna, flora, weather and climate. (Adapted from FAO, Sustainable Food Value Chains Knowledge Platform, 2023 https://www.fao.org/sustainable-food-value-chains/what-is-it/sfvc-vocabulary/en/)
Avian influenza (AI) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects both domestic and wild birds. AI viruses have also been isolated, although less frequently, from mammalian species, including humans. This complex disease is caused by viruses divided into multiple subtypes (i.e. H5N1, H5N3, H5N8 etc.) whose genetic characteristics rapidly evolve. Avian Influenza, known more commonly as the Avian flu, can exist in two different forms - one that has a low capacity for causing mortality (low pathogenic avian influenza or LPAI) and one that results in high mortality rates (highly pathogenic avian influenza or HPAI). (Adapted from WOAH, 2024. Avian Influenza https://www.woah.org/en/disease/avian-influenza/ and FAO, 2024. Stopping Avian Influenza in Togo https://www.fao.org/in-action/stopping-avian-influenza-togo/en/)
Forest management that maintains or enhances the economic, social and environmental values of a forest for the benefit of present and future generations. (FAO and Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, the United Republic of Tanzania. 2024. Forests for a sustainable future: education modules for primary schools – Teacher's book: Module 2 Forests, health and well-being. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc4630en)
A periodical published by an institution or individual that includes developments, news, and results of ongoing studies in a specific field. (Translated from http://terim.tuba.gov.tr/)
Chrozophora is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1824. It comprises monoecious herbs or undershrubs. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrozophora)
Reindeer husbandry concerns a wider aspect than reindeer herding as it includes both the practical work with reindeer but also the whole reindeer herding industry, biology, science, management, and even hunting and fishing in areas where they are a part of reindeer herding rights. In other words reindeer herding is an older concept and focuses only on the work with reindeer while reindeer husbandry focuses more on the transformation of reindeer herding into an economically, socially and biologically sustainable industry. (The International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry. 2026. What is Reindeer Husbandry? https://reindeerherding.org/what-is-reindeer-husbandry)
Note
Reindeer husbandry is the primary livelihood for over 24 Indigenous Peoples.
A branch of economics which integrates the disciplines of biology and economics in order to explain economic activities on a biological basis and vice versa. (https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/199599)
Environmental engineering is a professional engineering discipline related to environmental science. It encompasses broad scientific topics like chemistry, biology, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology, and mathematics to create solutions that will protect and also improve the health of living organisms and improve the quality of the environment. (Wikipedia, 2024. Environmental engineering. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering)
Any distinction, exclusion, restriction, preference or inequitable or differential treatment of individuals on the grounds of gender, race, age, ethnicity, disability, indigenous identity or any other status identified in international treaties, which has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. (FAO. 2025. FAO Framework on Inclusion. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd3861en citing UNICEF, 2021, UNSCEB, 2017.)
Ricinodendron heudelotii is a deciduous multipurpose tree, providing food, medicines and a wide range of commodities to the local population. (Adapted from: Useful Tropical Plants (http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Ricinodendron%20heudelotii))
The fishery sub-sector usually operated by fishers with either no fishing vessels or small fishing vessels, using more traditional fishing gear. (Ecosystem approach to aquaculture management, FAO, 2020 (http://www.fao.org/3/ca7972en/ca7972en.pdf). )
Note
There is no universal definition of 'artisanal' or 'small-scale’ fisheries or aquaculture. In general, these terms describe fisheries and aquaculture that use relatively small production units with relatively low input and low output, and limited levels of technology and small capital investment.
