Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a disease of cattle caused by the bovine leukaemia virus (BLV), a member of the family Retroviridae. Cattle may be infected at any age, including the embryonic stage. Most infections are subclinical, but a proportion of cattle (~30%) over 3 years old develop persistent lymphocytosis, and a smaller proportion develop lymphosarcomas (tumours) in various internal organs. Natural infection has also been recorded in water buffaloes and capybaras. Clinical signs, if present, depend on the organs affected and may include digestive disturbances, inappetence, weight loss, weakness or general debility and sometimes neurological manifestations. (https://www.woah.org/en/disease/enzootic-bovine-leukosis/)
The apple rust mite (ARM) Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa (Acari Eriophyidae) occurs in the main world apple growing areas but it has been considered an important pest of apple especially in Europe. (Adapted from Simoni S. et al. (2018), Effects of Aculus schlechtendali (Acari: Eriophyidae) population den-
sities on Golden Delicious apple production. Acarologia 58(Suppl): 134-144; DOI 10.24349/acarologia/20184276)
A disaccharide is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaccharide)
