Curcuma aromatica, also called wild turmeric or kasthuri manjal, belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. The plant is short and herbaceous, leaves are 1- to 2-feet long, elliptic or lanceolate oblong, leaf tips are caudate or acuminate, flowers pink with a yellow lip and three lobed. Wild turmeric is an important herbal product. (FAO and Non-Timber Forest Products-Exchange Programme. 2020. Naturally Beautiful – Cosmetic and beauty products from forests. Bangkok. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8590en)
Quorum sensing is a bacterial cell-to-cell communication process in which bacterial cells coordinate their gene expression by producing and releasing signal molecules, autoinducers, in response to cell density fluctuation. (https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/23372)
Cheddar is a ripened hard cheese in conformity with the General Standard for Cheese (CXS 283-1978). The body has a near white or ivory through to light yellow or orange colour and a firm-textured (when pressed by thumb), smooth and waxy texture. Gas holes are absent, but a few openings and splits are acceptable. The cheese is manufactured and sold with or without rind which may be coated. (FAO & WHO. 2022. Standard for Cheddar. Codex Standard, No. CXS 263-1966. Rome. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius)
Tidal constants—Tidal relations that remain practically constant for any particular locality. Tidal constants are classified as harmonic and nonharmonic. The harmonic constants consist of the amplitudes and epochs of the harmonic constituents, and the nonharmonic constants include the ranges and intervals derived directly from the high and low water observations. (https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/glossary2.pdf)
Lava flows are streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent. (https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP/lava-flows-destroy-everything-their-path)
The movement of fish and fishery products in any form from a vessel to dockside in a port or free-trade zone, even if subsequently transferred to another vessel. (FAO. 2015. Report of the Expert Consultation on Catch Documentation Schemes. Rome, 21–24 July 2015. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report No. 1120. Rome. Italy (MP378).)
Headshaking is characterized by recurrent, sudden, and severe shaking of the head up and down and/or side to side. (Adapted from Bonnie V. Beaver, Chapter 10 - Equine Behavior Problems, Editor(s): Bonnie V. Beaver, Equine Behavioral Medicine, Academic Press, 2019, Pages 311-345, ISBN 9780128121061, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812106-1.00010-3.)
Note
Headshaking is usually a purposeful or reactive, repetitive movement of the head, often in response to discomfort, pain, nerve irritation, among others, that can be caused by various conditions, such as ear infections, allergies, neurological problems, or even parasitic infestations. Not head tremors.
Alternaria species are well‐known aggressive pathogens that are widespread globally and warmer temperatures caused by climate change might increase their abundance more drastically. Early blight (EB) disease, caused mainly by Alternaria solani, and brown spot, caused by Alternaria alternata, are major concerns in potato, tomato and eggplant production. (Jindo K, Evenhuis A, Kempenaar C, Pombo Sudré C, Zhan X, Goitom Teklu M, Kessel G. Review: Holistic pest management against early blight disease towards sustainable agriculture. Pest Manag Sci. 2021 Sep;77(9):3871-3880. doi: 10.1002/ps.6320. Epub 2021 Feb 27. PMID: 33538396; PMCID: PMC8451811.)
Dysuria is defined as difficult or painful urination and localizes the pathophysiological process to the lower urogenital tract. There are many causes of dysuria and these must be differentiated from other causes of disorders of micturition. (Chapter 14, Dysuria, Joseph Bartges DVM, PhD, DACVIM, DACVN, Book Editor(s):Kenneth J. Drobatz, Kate Hopper, Elizabeth Rozanski, Deborah C. Silverstein, First published: 24 September 2018 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119028994.ch14)
