A milky liquid made from hazelnuts and used as a milk substitute, cooking ingredient or beverage. (Wiktionary. 2026. Hazelnut milk https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hazelnut_milk)
Parliamentary networks are key stakeholders for agrifood systems transformation, uniquely positioned to make positive impacts on legislative agendas. (FAO. 2024. FAO’s Collaboration with Parliamentary Networks. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cc9547en)
The physical structures, facilities, networks and other assets which provide services that are essential to the social and economic functioning of a community or society. (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). 2017. The Sendai Framework Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. "Critical infrastructure". Accessed 16 March 2026. https://www.undrr.org/terminology/critical-infrastructure.)
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Critical infrastructure includes information systems and communication networks, energy production and distribution installations, transport systems (airports and seaports, railways, etc.), food and water supply.
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock containing at least 50% sand grains, which have a size between 0.063 and 2 mm according to the general grain size definition. The main component of sand grains is usually quartz, although they may be composed of various other minerals. (Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Geosciences. 2026. Sandstein. https://www.chemgeo.uni-jena.de/en/25476/sandstein)
Seabuckthorn oil is extracted from berry pulp (rich in omega-7 and carotenoids) and seeds (high in omega-3 and -6) of seabuckhorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). The oil contains bioactive compounds, including fatty acids, vitamins (A, C, E, K), carotenoids, polyphenols, and phytosterols, offering anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, and skin-regenerative benefits. Traditionally used in Mongolian and Chinese medicine for centuries, however, there is a rising global demand for its use in functional foods, and dietary supplements, as well as cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. (FAO & WHO. 2026. Discussion paper: Development of a standard for Sea buckthorn oil. CX/FO 26/29/9 Add.4. Rome. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius)
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The scope encompasses oils extracted from the berry pulp and seeds. Seabuckthorn pulp oil is derived from berry pulp of Hippophae rhamnoides. Seabuckthorn seed oi is obtained from seeds of Hippophae rhamnoides.
Nitrogen inhibitors are designed to delay natural processes in the nitrogen cycle that can cause nitrogen loss from the soil. They are mainly classified as nitrification inhibitors or urease inhibitors, depending on the process they target. (Feeley, M., Niegowska Conforti, M., Fattori, V. & Lipp, M. 2025. Environmental inhibitors in agrifood systems – Considerations for food safety risk assessment. Food Safety and Quality Series, No. 32. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd7224en)
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Nitrogen inhibitors are typically applied directly to pasture land, forage crops or foods being cultivated for human consumption around the time of fertilizer application. They help increase soil nitrogen retention and may be classified as fertilizers.
The application of management principles to conserve, protect, enhance and restore landscape resources impacted by natural events and anthropogenic activities. (NALT https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/142416)
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) is an independent judicial body established by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It has jurisdiction over any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention, and over all matters specifically provided for in any other agreement which confers jurisdiction on the Tribunal. Disputes relating to the Convention may concern the delimitation of maritime zones, navigation, conservation and management of the living resources of the sea, protection and preservation of the marine environment and marine scientific research. (ITLOS. 2026. Latest News https://www.itlos.org/en/main/latest-news/)
In the context of the Law of the Sea and maritime delimitation, line from which the breadth of the maritime zones under national jurisdiction is measured. From this line are measured the outer limits of a State's territorial sea, contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf. Hence the term "territorial sea baseline (TSB)", used in some legal and technical literature. The baseline is also the limiting line for internal waters. (UNTERM https://unterm.un.org/unterm2/en/view/30878b1b-cb6e-458a-8dfd-c56f7ef1526b)
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Scope note added: Not to be confused with benchmarks (reference points) or baselines on vessels (the horizontal line intersecting at amidships the keel line) or baselines in fire management (the initial line of fire).
A vehicle whose propulsion is powered fully or mostly by electricity. (IPCC. 2018. Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C - SR15 (10/2018). https://apps.ipcc.ch/glossary/)
Financial services are economic services related to finance (e.g., payments, remittances, and credit) provided by financial institutions, accessed and delivered through traditional and digital channels. (Adapted from United Nations. 2023. Fintech and Digital Finance for Financial Inclusion. https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/fintech4_14_march_2023.pdf)
A probability density function is a function that indicates the relative chances of occurrence of different outcomes of a variable. The function integrates to unity over the domain for which it is defined and has the property that the integral over a sub-domain equals the probability that the outcome of the variable lies within that sub-domain. (IPCC. 2026. Glossary. https://apps.ipcc.ch/glossary/)
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For example, the probability that a temperature anomaly defined in a particular way is greater than zero is obtained from its probability density function (PDF) by integrating the PDF over all possible temperature anomalies greater than zero. Probability density functions that describe two or more variables simultaneously are similarly defined.
Agro-informatics connects information technology with the management, analysis and application of agricultural data to design more accurate and targeted agricultural interventions. The use of new technologies and techniques in agriculture, such as satellite imagery, remote sensing, and geographic information systems, enable the transformation of data into actionable information. (FAO. 2026. Agro-informatics. https://www.fao.org/agroinformatics/en)
In economics, the difference between the price that a producer sells a good or service at and the amount that she or he would be willing to accept in exchange for the good or service. (Adapted from Schwarz, Charles F.; Thor, Edward C.; Elsner, Gary H. 1976. Wildland planning glossary. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-13. Berkeley, Calif.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station)
The urban park is a green space open to the public with recreation as the main function, and offers diverse leisure facilities, and ecological and scenic attractions. As an important green space in the city, urban parks play an important role in climate and environment change adaptation and mitigation to the city. At the same time, as an important element of urban public service facilities, they are public spaces for residents to enjoy as part of their daily lives. (Dang, Yi, Chengjin Wang, and Peiran Chen. 2022. "Identification and Optimization Strategy of Urban Park Service Areas Based on Accessibility by Public Transport: Beijing as a Case Study" Sustainability 14, no. 12: 7112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127112)
A food value chain (FVC) consists of all the stakeholders who participate in the coordinated production and value-adding activities that are needed to make food products. (FAO. 2026. Sustainable Food Value Chains Knowledge Platform. https://www.fao.org/sustainable-food-value-chains/what-is-it/en/)
Meat that is pale in colour before and after cooking and is derived from rabbits and avian livestock species (including chicken, duck, Muscovy duck, goose, guinea fowl, turkey, quail, pigeon, pheasant, ostrich). (Adapted from FAO & WHO. 2022. Global Individual Food consumption data Tool (GIFT). https://www.fao.org/gift-individual-food-consumption/en/)
A kernel density estimation is a non-parametric way of estimating the probability density function of a random variable. This function describes the relative likelihood for a variable to occur. (UNCTAD. 2011. Who is benefiting from trade liberalization in Cape Verde? https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osg2011d2_en.pdf)
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The non-parametric kernel density algorithm has been increasingly used in ecology to identify home ranges from tagging data and for identifying hotspots within a landscape using a neighbour-based approach.
Closed containment describes a range of technologies for aquaculture; from floating bag systems to land-based recirculating water systems. Closed containment is a barrier technology that attempts to restrict and control interactions between farmed fish and the external aquatic environment. The technological focus is on reducing the potentially adverse interactions between cultured fish and the surrounding aquatic environment. (Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2021. Closed containment https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/aquaculture/programs-programmes/containment-eng.htm)
Nomadic pastoralists are not permanently settled and their movements are irregular, erratic and cover long distances. They depend almost entirely on livestock for their livelihoods. (FAO. 2016. Guidelines for the enumeration of nomadic and semi-nomadic (transhumant) livestock. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca6827en)
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In general nomadic pastoralists follow established migration routes. However, erratic rainfall and dynamic external conditions require a certain flexibility, which often leads nomadic pastoralists to deviate from the established migration routes.
Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time to reduce imbalances between energy demand and energy production. (Wikipedia. 2026. Energy storage https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage)
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For saving energy, see "energy conservation" <c_2567>.
The process by which countries, individuals or other entities aim to achieve zero fossil carbon existence. Typically refers to a reduction of the carbon emissions associated with electricity, industry and transport. (IPCC. 2018. Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C - SR15 (10/2018). https://apps.ipcc.ch/glossary/search.php)
This encompasses all the different types of AI models that can create new forms of content such as text, images, code, music, among others. Generative AI models can process immense amounts of natural language input and generate natural language output and, in some cases, audiovisual output. As LLMs create new content in response to prompts, based on the patterns they learn from their training data, they are considered a form of “Generative AI”. (FAO. 2025. Digital agriculture and AI innovation roadmap – For the global agrifood systems transformation. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd5956en)
