The term “environmental inhibitors” refers to natural and synthetic compounds used to reduce non-CO2 GHG emissions from the agriculture sector or to minimize the loss of nutrients from cultivated soils, typically related to nitrogen fertilizer use and excreta from grazing animals. Environmental inhibitors include two major categories of compounds or their mixtures: methanogenesis inhibitors and nitrogen inhibitors. (Feeley, M., Niegowska Conforti, M., Fattori, V. & Lipp, M. 2025. Environmental inhibitors in agrifood systems – Considerations for food safety risk assessment. Food Safety and Quality Series, No. 32. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd7224en)
The organization, planning and application of measures preparing for, responding to and recovering from disasters. (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). 2017. The Sendai Framework Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. "Disaster management". Accessed 17 March 2026. https://www.undrr.org/terminology/disaster-management.)
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Disaster management may not completely avert or eliminate the threats; it focuses on creating and implementing preparedness and other plans to decrease the impact of disasters and “build back better”. Failure to create and apply a plan could lead to damage to life, assets and lost revenue.
Informal markets have specific characteristics such as: absence of specialization; very low capital investment; interlinkage between production and consumption; absence of bank accounts and the non-payment of all or some taxation; predominance of households and micro-enterprises with varying and limited purchasing power; importance of virtually free labour in the form of apprentice help or family members who are fed but receive no or little pay; relationships with the rural sector that often enable the provision of raw materials at lower cost. (CFS (Committee on World Food Security). 2018. Nutrition and food systems. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security. September 2017. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/I7846E/)
All regions on and beneath the surface of the Earth and ocean where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers and ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost). (IPCC 5th Assessment Report, WG 1 Glossary)
Device for pumping a mixture of fish and water. Used for transporting fish to/from graders, harvesting bins, tanks and ponds. Fish pumps use specialized impellers, which eliminate the risk of damage to the fish. They are limited in the size of fish they can handle, usually up to 500 g to 1 kg is the limit. For larger fish augers are usually used. (FAO. 2008. Glossary of aquaculture. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/a1555m)
The subarctic front is a thermohaline structure across the North Pacific, separating colder, fresher water to the north from warmer, saltier water to the south. (Yuan, X., and L. D. Talley (1996), The subarctic frontal zone in the North Pacific: Characteristics of frontal structure from climatological data and synoptic surveys, J. Geophys. Res., 101(C7), 16491–16508, doi:10.1029/96JC01249.)
Fish assemblage refers to the variety and abundance of fish species in a given waterbody. (EPA. 2025. Indicators: Fish Assemblage https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-fish-assemblage)
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Fish assemblages are often evaluated as part of water monitoring programs because they can indicate chemical, physical and biological condition over long periods of time.
Benthic (meaning “bottom-dwelling”) macroinvertebrates are small aquatic animals and the aquatic larval stages of insects. Benthic macroinvertebrates are often found attached to rocks, vegetation, logs and sticks or burrowed into the bottom sand and sediments. (EPA. 2025. Indicators: Benthic Macroinvertebrates. https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-benthic-macroinvertebrates)
Cosmetics that contain ingredients derived from the potato plant (Solanum tuberosum). These may be starch, pulp, and peel extracts. Also potato industry waste (stems and foliage) can be a source of cosmetic ingredients. (Adapted from National Potato Council of Kenya. 2025. https://npck.org/utilization-of-potato-peel-as-an-eco%E2%80%90friendly-product/ and The James Hutton Institute. 2025. Transforming potato industry waste into valuable ingredients for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. https://www.hutton.ac.uk/transforming-potato-industry-waste-into-valuable-ingredients-for-the-pharmaceutical-and-cosmetics-industries/)
The erosion of ice-rich permafrost by the combined thermal and mechanical action of moving water. (IPCC. 2001. Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. Annexes. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/annex.pdf)
A management process that analyses disaster risks and establishes arrangements in advance to enable timely, effective and appropriate responses. (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). 2017. The Sendai Framework Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. "Contingency planning". Accessed 17 March 2026. https://www.undrr.org/terminology/contingency-planning.)
An individual who is seeking international protection. In countries with individualized procedures, an asylum seeker is someone whose claim has not yet been finally decided on by the country in which he or she has submitted it. Not every asylum seeker will ultimately be recognized as a refugee, but every recognized refugee is initially an asylum seeker. (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2006. Master Glossary of Terms)
Hazelnut husk is a plant tissue that surrounds the hazelnut fruit, initially green in color, and at harvest time, turning yellowish-red or reddish-brown starting from the base. Hazelnut husks are separated from hazelnuts by sorting machines in threshing areas. Hazelnut husks not only add plant nutrients to the soil but also improve the physical properties of the soil. (Aydoğan, Mehmet & Demiryurek, Kursat. 2012. Samsun İlinde Organik ve Konvansiyonel Fındık Yetiştiricilerinin Gübre Kullanımı Konusundaki İletişim Kaynaklarının Sosyal Ağ Analizi İle Karşılaştırılması. https://nek.istanbul.edu.tr/ekos/TEZ/51077.pdf)
Bottom or mid-water trawling by two vessels towing the same net. Very large nets can be towed in this manner by relatively small boats and the net is generally hauled alternately aboard the two vessels for processing of the catch. (FAO. 2014. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department)
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A single trawl can be towed by one boat (most common) or two boats (pair trawling).
The design, fabrication, programming and control of nanoscale robots, typically ranging from 0.1-10 micrometers, capable of performing basic tasks at the nanoscale such as construction, manipulation, and measurement. These systems combine nanoscale engineering with robotics principles to create machines that can interact with and modify individual atoms or molecules. (FAO. 2026. Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Portal. Nanorobotics. https://sti-portal.fao.org/taxonomy/term/1004)
These are permanently settled, with no regular and very limited, local movement of animals. Their livelihoods depend on both livestock and crops, with livestock being an important, but not necessarily the major, contributor to household livelihoods. Livestock farming and herding generate “cash, food, insurance, manure, transport and hauling services, savings and other goods and services for the household”. (FAO. 2016. Guidelines for the enumeration of nomadic and semi-nomadic (transhumant) livestock. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/632dc296-5fee-4669-9734-859c530ad960/content)
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Pastoralists depend primarily or exclusively on livestock (herding animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels) and they often move seasonally to find pasture and water. Crop farming is minimal or absent. Agropastoralists combine livestock herding and crop cultivation as significant parts of their livelihood.
Solid wood is the state of the tree that has not undergone any treatment other than drying and shaping after cutting. (rzurum Sonuç, Eda & Dereli, Mustafa. 2024. The effect of wood veneer type on the reduction of sound transmission between noise-producing interior spaces in buildings . Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences. 280-289. 10.36306/konjes.1407020.)
Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage. (AmiGO 2. 2025. Gene Ontology. Antioxidant activity. https://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016209)
Payment that a purchaser makes to counterbalance his or her greenhouse gas emissions. This payment funds an off-site greenhouse gas reduction so that a net of zero additional GHG is introduced into the atmosphere. Payment may go to one of many project types, including: Renewable energy projects; Energy efficiency projects; or Biological sequestration projects, such as reforestation or land use change (these are less effective than the other two). (FAOTERM. 2026. Carbon offset. https://www.fao.org/faoterm/viewEntry/en/?entryId=178587)
Mean body length of individuals at a given age within a population, typically estimated from hard structures (e.g., otoliths or scales) or from length-frequency data. It is a key input for growth models used in stock assessment. (Adapted from FAO. 1993. Some Simple Methods for the Assessment of Tropical Fish Stocks. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 254. Rome, FAO. Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/x6845e/X6845E03.HTM)
These are workers who “do not own or rent the land on which they work, nor the tools and equipment they use”. In these respects, they are considered a different group from farmers, (Hurst, P., Termine, P. & Karl, M. 2007. Agricultural workers and their contribution to sustainable agriculture and rural development. Geneva, Switzerland, International Labour Organization. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/af164e)
Landscape diversity may be defined as the formal expression of the numerous relations existing in a given period between the individual or a society and a topographically defined territory, the appearance of which is the result of the action, over time, of natural and human factors and a combination of both. (United Nations. 2000. Integrated planning and management of land resources: Conservation of biological diversity (Report of the Secretary-General, E/CN.17/2000/6/Add.4). Commission on Sustainable Development, Economic and Social Council. https://digitallibrary.un.org/)
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The numerous relations within a landscape, including cultural and geographical features as well as natural elements, and the functions of biodiversity, both above and below ground.
