A set of ordinances or regulations and associated standards intended to regulate aspects of the design, construction, materials, alteration and occupancy of structures which are necessary to ensure human safety and welfare, including resistance to collapse and damage. (United Nations. 2016. Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction. A/71/644. https://undocs.org/A/71/644)
Note
Building codes can include both technical and functional standards. They should incorporate the lessons of international experience and should be tailored to national and local circumstances. A systematic regime of enforcement is a critical supporting requirement for the effective implementation of building codes.
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) is a technique to detect or quantify RNA. It uses a reverse transcriptase enzyme to convert RNA to DNA, followed by PCR to amplify the DNA. (Nature. 2026. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction articles from across Nature Portfolio. https://www.nature.com/subjects/reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain-reaction)
The subantarctic front, found between 48°S and 58°S in the Indian and Pacific Ocean and between 42°S and 48°S in the Atlantic Ocean, defines the northern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (or ACC). (Ryan Smith; Melicie Desflots; Sean White; Arthur J. Mariano; Edward H. Ryan (2008). "Surface Currents in the Southern Ocean: The Antarctic CP Current". The Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS).)
A landscape that has not been modified by people or is dominated by natural processes and native plants and animals. (Environment New Zealand. 2007. Glossary. https://environment.govt.nz/publications/environment-new-zealand-2007/glossary/)
Note
The natural landscape and the cultural landscape are separate parts of the landscape. However, in the 21st century, landscapes that are totally untouched by human activity no longer exist, so that reference is sometimes now made to degrees of naturalness within a landscape.
Fish stocks that spend their adult life in the sea but swim upriver to freshwater spawning grounds in order to reproduce. (Adapted from United Nations.1997. Glossary of Environment Statistics. Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67. )
Note
In the context of the Convention for the Conservation of Anadromous Stocks in the North Pacific Ocean, anadromous stocks are fish stocks consisting of various species (Pink salmon, Chum salmon, Sockeye salmon, Coho salmon, Chinook salmon, Cherry salmon, Steelhead trout) and protected by the NPAFC Convention.
Any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin in solid form that is added to soil to supply elements essential for plant growth. (Adapted from Weil, R.R. & Brady, N.C. 2017. The nature and properties of soils (global edition). Harlow: Pearson (cited in FAO. 2022. Soils for nutrition: state of the art. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0900en ))
Note
Inorganic solid fertilizers are commonly manufactured and marketed as granules, pellets, tablets, powders, or crystalline forms.
A bioretention area is an engineered sunken area that collects rainwater from rooftops, sidewalks, and streets. Bioretention areas are designed to allow water to temporarily pond when it rains and then either soak into the ground or flow through an underdrain. (EPA. 2025. Types of Green Infrastructure https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/types-green-infrastructure)
Note
The primary benefits of establishing bioretention and infiltration areas (also referred to as bioretention cells) relate to controlled runoff and pollutant filtering. Examples include rain gardens and bioswales. The main difference between rain gardens and bioswales is that the primary purpose of bioswales is to transport water from one area to another (often ending in a rain garden), maximizing the amount of time that rainwater spends in the swale to increase removal of silt and pollutants.
Feeding regime refers to the management of feed allocation, including the determination of the daily ration based on the feeding rate. (Adapted from Haetami, K. 2023, Relationship between Feeding Regime and Fish Growth. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJFAR/2023/V24I2631)
The care economy includes all paid and unpaid, direct and indirect care work delivered through public services, private companies (including micro, small and medium enterprises), nonprofit organizations and households. It encompasses all caregivers, care recipients, and the institutions that organize or provide care. Paid care spans education, early childhood care, health and social services, and domestic work. Unpaid care, largely provided by families and community networks, makes a vital contribution to individuals, households and society. (FAO, NRI and AWARD. 2026. The status of women in agrifood systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd9262en)
Reconstituted or formed potato-based snacks produced from potato doughs. (FAO & WHO. 2009. Code of Practice for the Reduction of Acrylamide in Foods. Codex Code of Practice, No. CXC 67-2009. Rome. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius)
Forest growth models fall into a number of groups, each of which is characterized by a central design paradigm, and each of which is most suitable for a particular situation. The selection of a modelling paradigm is driven mainly by currently or potentially available data, and the objectives for which the model is to be constructed. (FAO. 2001. Mean Annual Volume Increment of Selected Industrial Forest Plantation Species https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ac121e)
Methanogenesis inhibitors can reduce CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in the forestomach of ruminants and other agricultural sources, such as rice paddies or manure application, by blocking the key enzyme that catalyses the final step of CH4 production by microorganisms, methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR). (Feeley, M., Niegowska Conforti, M., Fattori, V. & Lipp, M. 2025. Environmental inhibitors in agrifood systems – Considerations for food safety risk assessment. Food Safety and Quality Series, No. 32. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd7224en (citing del Prado
et al., 2025).)
Note
To address greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock sector, particularly CH4 production by ruminants, while improving feed efficiency, methanogenesis inhibitors targeting the ruminant microbiome have been developed as antimethanogenic feed additives. They can be classified as veterinary drugs in some jurisdictions and feed additives in others, leading to different approaches to risk assessment.
"Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture" means any genetic material of plant origin of actual or potential value for food and agriculture. (FAO. 2001. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. https://faolex.fao.org/treaty/docs/tre000005E.pdf)
Solid wood products are the largest subset of products made from wood and wood pulp. Making solid wood products from timber may be a single- or multi-stage process, generally involving a first step of physically transforming logs into a primary product of varying sizes of solid wood (e.g., lumber, chips, strands, veneers), which then may enter the marketplace or undergo further processing. Broad classes of wood products are lumber, engineered wood products and products made from solid pieces of wood, engineered wood, or both. (Adapted from Congress.gov. 2023. Mass Timber: Overview and Issues for Congress https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47752.)
The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to and recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or current disasters. (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). 2017. The Sendai Framework Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. "Preparedness". Accessed 17 March 2026. https://www.undrr.org/terminology/preparedness.)
Note
There are different types of preparedness, such as disaster preparedness, drought preparedness, self-preparedness, public health preparedness, fire preparedness, defense preparedness, nuclear preparedness, rescue preparedness and others. For "disaster preparedness", see <c_37971>.
Bioretention is a widely used countermeasure to address stormwater runoff issues and restore the urban water balance. Bioretention is one of the typical stormwater source control measures used within sustainable urban drainage systems. A bioretention system uses the properties of vegetated soils or engineered substrates to control runoff volume and flow, restore a more natural water balance, improve water quality, but also contribute to urban cooling and amenity. (Adapted from Huang T, Sage J, Técher D, Gromaire MC. Hydrological performance of bioretention in field experiments and models: A review from the perspective of design characteristics and local contexts. Sci Total Environ. 2025 Feb 15;965:178684. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178684. Epub 2025 Feb 3. PMID: 39904179.)
Region of the ocean floor between the depths of 6 000 and 10 300 m. (FAO. 2016. The Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Volume 3: Bony fishes part 1 (Elopiformes to Scorpaeniformes) https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i5714e)
Water contained in the voids of porous or fractured media. (World Meteorological Organization. 2012. International Glossary of Hydrology. Interstitial water https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000221862)
A negative effect on population growth that becomes proportionately greater as population size declines. Populations experiencing depensation are prone to further reductions in size, even in the absence of exploitation, and therefore have a greater risk of extinction. (FAO. 2001. Second Technical Consultation on the Suitability of the CITES Criteria for Listing Commercially-Exploited Aquatic Species. http://www.fao.org/3/y1455e/y1455e.htm)
The puerulus is a transitionary stage within the spiny lobster life cycle, intermediate between the phyllosoma larva and the juvenile lobster. (Priyambodo, Bayu & Jones, Clive & Sammut, Jesmond. 2020. Assessment of the lobster puerulus (Panulirus homarus and Panulirus ornatus, Decapoda: Palinuridae) resource of Indonesia and its potential for sustainable harvest for aquaculture. Aquaculture. 528. 735563. 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735563.)
Note
Developmental state of spiny lobsters, not the crustacean genus Puerulus. Initially the puerulus looks like a miniature, transparent lobster, later it becomes pigmented.
The collective influence of aerial environment on the rate of evaporation of water from a given object, usually a plant or plant canopy. (NALT https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/276518)
Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor–β (TGFβ) family, is a myokine protein known for regulating muscle mass. (Luisina Ongaro et al. Muscle-derived myostatin is a major endocrine driver of follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis.Science387,329-336(2025).DOI:10.1126/science.adi4736)
Direct access routes allowing safe passage for relief and rescue workers to deliver emergency aid and supplies. (UNBIS. 2026. Relief corridors http://metadata.un.org/thesaurus/1005456)
