The movement of a person or groups of persons who, predominantly for reasons of sudden or progressive change in the environment due to climate change, are obliged to leave their habitual place of residence, or choose to do so, either temporarily or permanently, within a State or across an international border. (International Organization for Migration. Glossary on Migration. 2019 https://publications.iom.int/books/international-migration-law-ndeg34-glossary-migration)
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Climate migration is a subcategory of environmental migration; it defines a singular type of environmental migration, where the change in the environment is due to climate change.
Tomato juice is the unfermented but fermentable liquid obtained from the edible part of sound, appropriately mature and fresh tomatoes or of tomatoes maintained in sound condition by suitable means including post harvest surface treatments. (Adapted from FAO & WHO. 2022. General Standard for Fruit Juices and Nectars. Codex Standard, CXS 247-2005. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Rome. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius)
Mango juice is the unfermented but fermentable liquid obtained from the edible part of sound, appropriately mature and fresh fruit of fruits of Mangifera indica L. maintained in sound condition by suitable means including post harvest surface treatments. (Adapted from FAO & WHO. 2022. General Standard for Fruit Juices and Nectars. Codex Standard, CXS 247-2005. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Rome. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius)
Ordination techniques summarize the data in a reduced number of dimensions while accounting for as much of the variability in the original data set as possible. As a result, they enable you to visualize relationships among sample units or with respect to individual variables. (Bakker, J. 2024. Applied Multivariate Statistics in R. https://uw.pressbooks.pub/appliedmultivariatestatistics/chapter/types-of-ordination-methods/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License)
Note
Statistical method. Do not confuse with "coordination" <c_50192>.
This term refers to a reading or value obtained with a SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) chlorophyll meter, a device that non-destructively measures the amount of chlorophyll in plant leaves. These values indicate the plant's health and are used to optimize fertilizer use, especially nitrogen. (Adapted from Xiong, D., Chen, J., Yu, T. et al. SPAD-based leaf nitrogen estimation is impacted by environmental factors and crop leaf characteristics. Sci Rep 5, 13389 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13389)
Chlorophyll meters are relatively simple proximal optical sensors that indirectly assess relative leaf chlorophyll content by measuring the differential absorbance and transmittance of different radiation wavelengths by the leaf. (de Souza R, Peña-Fleitas MT, Thompson RB, Gallardo M, Grasso R, Padilla FM. The Use of Chlorophyll Meters to Assess Crop N Status and Derivation of Sufficiency Values for Sweet Pepper. Sensors (Basel). 2019 Jul 4;19(13):2949. doi: 10.3390/s19132949. PMID: 31277420; PMCID: PMC6650809.)
In both the human rights and food security fields, the term “vulnerable groups” refers to groups of persons who, owing to physiological, socio-political and socio-economic reasons, cannot enjoy their human rights as fully as others or suffer from food insecurity or are at risk of becoming food insecure. (FAO. 2008. Right to Food Unit, Clarification of commonly used terms.)
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The term “disadvantaged groups” is sometimes used as a synonym. Vulnerable groups include indigenous peoples, ethnic, linguistic or religious minorities, elderly people, persons with disabilities, individuals living with HIV/AIDS and refugees and internally displaced people. Women and children are also often included as vulnerable groups. Other vulnerable groups, defined by livelihood characteristics, include urban poor, rural landless or smallholder farmers.
The lowering of the soil pH of the build-up of hydrogen and aluminium ions in the soil and the leaching of base cations such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium. Soil acidification negatively affects soil fertility and compromises the production capacity of most agricultural soils. (FAO. 2022. The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture – Systems at breaking point. Main report. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9910en)
The maximum yield that can be achieved under specific agroecological conditions, combining agroclimatic potential yields with soil and terrain evaluations. It takes account of biophysical limitations such as temperature, moisture availability, soil type and slope, as well as specified levels of agronomic inputs and management practices. (FAO. 2025. The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture 2025 – The potential to produce more and better. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd7488en)
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Attainable yield is distinct from potential yield as it integrates realistic constraints of soil and terrain, providing a more practical estimate of productivity for a given crop under defined conditions.
Digital finance refers to the delivery of traditional financial services digitally, through devices such as computers, tablets and smartphones. Use of technology within the finance industry, especially for consumers to electronically access financial services and accounts. (United Nations. 2023. Fintech and Digital Finance for Financial Inclusion. https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/fintech4_14_march_2023.pdf and European Commission. 2026. Overview of digital finance. https://finance.ec.europa.eu/digital-finance/overview-digital-finance_en)
The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria; viruses; or other biological toxins against people, animals; or plants. (DeCS/MESH. 2025. Bioterrorism https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=35431)
The use or threatened use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of criminal laws for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom, in support of political or social objectives. (DeCS/MESH. 2025. Terrorism https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D023481)
Chart or map on which data and analyses are presented that describe the state of the atmosphere over a large area at a given moment in time. (FAO. 2005. Wildland Fire Management Terminology, TRG(A10.6)/GICM)
Biological corridor or biocorridor is the segmentation of the landscape that connects bio-centres and enables the migration of organisms and their communities, as well as the exchange of genetic data between them. (Republic of Albania. 2002. Law No. 8906, dated 6 June 2002, on protected areas. Assembly of the Republic of Albania. https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/alb60472e.pdf)
Note
Increasingly, protected areas for biodiversity conservation are implemented following the so-called biological corridors or ecological networks approach, which reconciles biophysical and human perspectives and contributes to the integrity of the broader agroecological landscape.
Coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to quality. Quality management includes establishing quality policies and objectives, and processes to achieve these objectives through quality planning, quality assurance, quality control, and quality improvement. (United Nations Statistics Division. 2022. Handbook on Management and Organization of National Statistical Systems. https://unstats.un.org/capacity-development/handbook/Handbook_20231001.pdf)
The act of producing a chemical structure with a high molecular weight that is comprised of two or more monomer subunits. The two monomers can be of the same or different composition and polymerize simultaneously. Several different classes and types of copolymers exist. (NALT https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/298262)
Territorial development initiatives based on an existing linear agglomeration of people and economic activities (agriculture and other sectors) that develop along a major transportation route. (FAO. 2015. Sustainable Food Value Chains Knowledge Platform (MP108))
A webinar is an online seminar that allows participants to join a virtual classroom to share information via the internet. (CDC. nd. What is a Webinar? https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/professional_development/videos/pd201/03-what_is_a_webinar.pdf)
Composite polymers are materials that consist of two or more distinct components, typically a polymer matrix and reinforcing materials like fibers, particles, or fillers. (Sabet M. Revolutionizing structures: The rise of high-performance composite and nanocomposite polymers. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of Nanomaterials, Nanoengineering and Nanosystems. 2025;0(0). doi:10.1177/23977914251343688)
Coccidiosis is an infectious disease of the intestinal tract of wild and domestic animals caused by different protozoa. These include but are not limited to Isospora, Neospora, Cryptosporidium, and Eimeria of the phylum Apicomplexa. Those parasites are widespread, especially where intensive production systems are used to raise livestock. (Noack, S., Chapman, H.D. & Selzer, P.M. Anticoccidial drugs of the livestock industry. Parasitol Res 118, 2009–2026 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06343-5)
Equitable, meaningful, and safe access to use, lead, and design of digital technologies, services, and associated opportunities for everyone, everywhere. (UN. 2025. Digital inclusion. https://www.un.org/digital-emerging-technologies/content/digital-inclusion)
The portion of total allowable emissions assigned to a country or group of countries within a framework of maximum total emissions. (EuroVoc http://eurovoc.europa.eu/434966)
The proportion of total freshwater withdrawn by all sectors (agriculture, industry and municipal) compared with the total renewable freshwater resources, after accounting for environmental flow requirements. This ratio, often expressed as a percentage, indicates the pressure on a country’s freshwater resources. (FAO. 2025. The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture 2025 – The potential to produce more and better. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd7488en)
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The symptoms of water scarcity or shortage, e.g. widespread, frequent and serious restrictions on use, growing conflict between users and competition for water, declining standards of reliability and service, harvest failures and food insecurity.
Technology to support financial or banking services.. (EuroVoc. 2026. Financial technology. http://eurovoc.europa.eu/c_79e507c2)
Note
Financial technology (fintech) refers to a broad range of technological innovations in the financial sector that enhance or change the way financial services are provided. Most financial technology is digital, but it can include non-digital elements.
