The volume of filtrate collected per unit time is generally referred to as the filtration rate. (Asmatulu, Ramazan & Khan, Waseem. (2019). Electrospun nanofibers for filtration applications. 10.1016/B978-0-12-813914-1.00007-9.)
In geology, a cobble is a rock fragment with size between 6.4 and 25.6 cm in diameter (Krumbein phi scale) or between 6.3 and 20 cm in diameter (International Scale ISO 14688-1:2017). (Adapted from Wikipedia. 2025. Grain size. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_size and ISO 14688-1, 2018)
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A rock larger than a pebble and smaller than a boulder.
Natural occurrence means present in the environment in forms that have not been influenced by human activity. (Adapted from DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. n.d. Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies
Title 22a. Environmental Protection https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/site_clean_up/remediation_regulations/rsr_2-16-21-with-indents.pdf)
Note
Natural occurrence should not be confused with "geographical distribution" or "normal distribution" <c_5083">. Natural occurrence can also be used for substances and phenomena.
A sequence of infection transmission from infectious agent leaving disease reservoir or host through a portal of exit, conveyed by some mode of transmission, and entering through a portal of entry to infect a susceptible host. (DeCS/MESH. 2025. Chain of Infection. https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000086003)
Mosquitoes are insects that comprise more than 3500 species and subspecies, which are classified within the order Culicidae into two main subfamilies, Anophelinae and Culicinae. Mosquitoes are among the most competent and dangerous vectors of various infectious diseases. (Merhej V, Angelakis E, Socolovschi C, Raoult D. Genotyping, evolution and epidemiological findings of Rickettsia species. Infect Genet Evol. 2014 Jul;25:122-37. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.03.014. Epub 2014 Mar 21. PMID: 24662440.)
Flows of capital from both public and private sources that support and finance climate-smart investments and aim to achieve climate change adaptation and mitigation objectives. (Sadler et al. 2016. Making climate finance work in agriculture. Washington, DC, World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/986961467721999165/Making-climate-finance-work-in-agriculture)
Nanopesticides are compounds that kill insects, bacteria, and weeds, and are prepared at the nanometer scale with physical, physicochemical, and chemical methods. (Yin J, Su X, Yan S, Shen J. Multifunctional Nanoparticles and Nanopesticides in Agricultural Application. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2023 Apr 2;13(7):1255. doi: 10.3390/nano13071255. PMID: 37049348; PMCID: PMC10096623.)
Feeding on the scales of other [fish] species. (Boileau N, Cortesi F, Egger B, Muschick M, Indermaur A, Theis A, Büscher HH, Salzburger W. A complex mode of aggressive mimicry in a scale-eating cichlid fish. Biol Lett. 2015 Sep;11(9):20150521. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0521. PMID: 26399975; PMCID: PMC4614428.)
Landscape position describes the location of the site relative to the location on a slope. It can describe the location of the soil on the landscape and indicates whether the soil is subject a to stream flooding or potential erosion. Landscape position is also used to describe the relationship between a wetland and an adjacent waterbody. (Adapted from University of Minnesota. 2021. The importance of topography and landscape position in septic system installation. https://septic.umn.edu/news/topography-position and Anderson, A. Soil Judging in Iowa. Landscape Position https://iastate.pressbooks.pub/soiljudgingiowa/chapter/landscape-position/ and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Glossary cited in NALT https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/49182)
Organisms living attached to a substrate. Stationary or attached plants or animals such as fungi, moss, lichen, mussels or sponges. (Giachello, Simone & Cantera, Isabel & Carteron, Alexis & Marta, Silvio & Cipriano, Cristina & Guerrieri, Alessia & Bonin, Aurélie & Thuiller, Wilfried & Ficetola, Gentile Francesco. (2023). Toward a common set of functional traits for soil protists. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 187. 109207. 10.1016/j.soilbio.2023.109207, and adapted from Milne, P.H. (1972) Fish and shellfish farming in coastal waters. Farnham, Surrey, UK, Fishing News Books Ltd. 208)
This is a virtual replica of a physical entity, and the data connections in between. It implies creating a digital replica of the physical twin composed of assets, processes, people, places, systems and devices that can be used for various purposes. (Gálvez, E. 2022. Scaling up inclusive innovation in agrifood chains in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8306en)
The transformation of solid, crystalline form of starch to a soluble, swollen form in the presence of heat and water. (NALT Gelatinization https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/42501)
Dehydrated potato flakes and granules are made by drying a mash of cooked potatoes to a moisture level of 5 to 8 percent. Flakes are used in retail mashed potato products, as ingredients in snacks, and even as food aid. (FAO. 2008. The Potato. https://www.fao.org/4/i0500e/i0500e02.pdf)
Fishes produced by fish culture: the breeding, rearing, conservation, etc. of finfish by means that supplement or replace those normally available in nature. (Adapted from O'Sullivan, D., Hilder, M. & Rough, K. (comp.) (1996) A dictionary of aquaculture. A guide to commonly used words and terms. Aquaculture Sourcebook (6): 64 p. Launceston, Tasmania, Univ. Tasmania Key Centre for Aquaculture/ Turtle Press Pty Ltd., 2nd. Ed.)
Green synthesis of nanomaterials employs a clean, safe, cost effective and environmentally friendly process of constructing nanomaterials. Microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, fungi, algal species and certain plants act as substrates for the green synthesis of nanomaterials. (Adapted from Huston M, DeBella M, DiBella M, Gupta A. Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021 Aug 21;11(8):2130. doi: 10.3390/nano11082130. PMID: 34443960; PMCID: PMC8400177.)
Note
Green methods for nanomaterial synthesis apply natural biological systems to nanomaterial production.
The condition in which an individual’s habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the amount of dietary energy required to maintain a normal, active and healthy life. The prevalence of undernourishment is used to measure hunger. (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2025. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025 – Addressing high food price inflation for food security and nutrition. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd6008en)
Precision fermentation often refers to a process that utilizes microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, or fungi to produce specific target products through controlled production systems. A wide range of products such as proteins, enzymes, vitamins or other bioactive substances can be produced through precision fermentation. (FAO Food Safety and Quality Unit. n.d. Cell-based food and precision fermentation. In: FAO. [Cited 2025]. https://www.fao.org/food-safety/scientific-advice/crosscutting-and-emerging-issues/cell-based-food/en/)
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“Precision fermentation” typically refers to the use of microbial hosts to produce, through fermentation, organic substrates into food items. While the term may be relatively new, many pointed out that technology itself has been around for decades. Despite this, as of May 2025, no country has established an official or legal definition of precision fermentation.
A guild is defined as a group of species that exploit the same class of environmental resources in a similar way. This term groups together species, without regard to taxonomic position, that overlap significantly in their niche requirements. The guild has a position comparable in the classification of exploitation patterns to the genus in phylogenetic schemes. (Root R.B. 1967. The niche exploitation pattern of the blue-gray gnatcatcher. Ecol. Monogr. 37(4): 317–350.)
A material transfer technique used for assembling biological material or cells into a prescribed organization to create functional structures such as microchip analytic devices, cell microarrays, or three dimensional anatomical structures. (DeCS/MeSH. 2025. Bioprinting. https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=55046)
An approach that translates early warnings into activities that reduce the impact of disasters. These activities can consist of different prevention and mitigation measures, which vary depending on the anticipated hazard, the context and sectors at risk. (FAO. 2022. Report on the Special Fund for Emergency and Rehabilitation Activities (SFERA). FC 191/INF/3. https://www.fao.org/3/ni387en/ni387en.pdf)
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Actions taken to reduce the humanitarian impacts of a forecast hazard before it occurs, or before its most acute impacts are felt. The decision to act is based on a forecast, or collective risk analysis, of when, where and how the event will unfold.
Macroporous hydrogels that are produced at subzero temperatures. Cryogels have pores that are produced by growing ice crystals and have been developed with a tissue-like elasticity that is suitable for cell immunization experiments. (DeCS/MESH. 2025. Cryogels. https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=54651)
As incomes rise and populations become more urban, diets high in complex carbohydrates and fibre give way to more energy-dense diets high in fats, sugars and/or salt. These global dietary trends are accompanied by a demographic transition with a shift towards increased life expectancy and reduced fertility rates. At the same time, disease patterns move away from infectious and nutrient-deficiency diseases towards higher rates of overweight and obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases including coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some types of cancer. (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2024. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024 – Financing to end hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd1254en)
