Excise taxes levied on products that have a negative public health impact. These are taxes targeting specific products, such as foods of high energy density and minimal nutritional value, to increase their relative cost compared to nutritious foods, thus reducing their consumption and preventing or mitigating these negative health outcomes while generating resources for government budgets. (WHO. 2024. WHO: Health taxes. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/health-taxes. )
The price at which raw products are traded on global or local markets. These prices reflect both supply and demand dynamics and are influenced by factors such as weather, input costs, trade policies, and geopolitical events. (Adapted from FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2025. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025 – Addressing high food price inflation for food security and nutrition. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd6008en)
Plants and animals that use calcium carbonate for structure and protection. (United States Environmental Agency. 2024. Effects of Ocean and Coastal Acidification on Marine Life. https://www.epa.gov/ocean-acidification/effects-ocean-and-coastal-acidification-marine-life)
The ability of people, organizations and systems, using available skills and resources, to manage adverse conditions, risk or disasters. The capacity to cope requires continuing awareness, resources and good management, both in normal times as well as during disasters or adverse conditions. Coping capacities contribute to the reduction of disaster risks. (General Assembly of the United Nations. 2017. Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction. Seventy-first session Agenda item 19 (c) Sustainable development: disaster risk reduction. New York, United Nations. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/2022-disasters-numbers)
Swine vesicular disease (SVD) is a contagious viral disease of pigs clinically indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases, such as foot and mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, vesicular exanthema of swine, and idiopathic vesicular disease. The severity of the lesions depends on the virus strain and the type of housing, with less severe lesions in pigs kept on straw bedding rather than on concrete. The disease is generally mild and mortality is negligible, with recent outbreaks reporting a shift towards subclinical disease courses in infected pigs. (Tamba M, Plasmati F, Brocchi E, Ruocco L. Eradication of Swine Vesicular Disease in Italy. Viruses. 2020 Nov 7;12(11):1269. doi: 10.3390/v12111269. PMID: 33171731; PMCID: PMC7694969.)
Fruits of different botanical types that produce the same type of product: oil. Includes coconuts, olives, oil palms, and other other oleaginous fruits. (Adapted from FAO. 2025. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2030. Programme. Concepts and Definitions Draft. https://www.fao.org/world-census-agriculture/en)
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Oilseed crops and oleaginous fruits are groupings of crops of many different botanical types that produce the same type of product: oil.
Tsunami-like phenomena generated by meteorological or atmospheric disturbances. These waves can be produced by atmospheric gravity waves, pressure jumps, frontal passages, squalls, gales, typhoons, hurricanes and other atmospheric sources. (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. Fourth Edition. Tsunami Glossary, 2019. Paris, UNESCO. IOC Technical Series, 85. (English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese) (IOC/2008/TS/85 rev.4) https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000188226)
Ecological protection focuses on preserving ecosystems and the relationships between organisms and their environment and emphasizes biodiversity conservation, protecting habitats and species, maintaining ecological balance and processes. (ASFA Thesaurus)
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While often used interchangeably, "ecological protection" and "environmental protection" have distinct focuses. Environmental protection generally refers to a broader approach encompassing the protection of the environment as a whole, including its physical and biological components, from harmful human activities. Ecological protection, on the other hand, is more specifically focused on the protection of ecological systems, including the interactions between living organisms and their environment.
The garganey (Spatula querquedula) is a small dabbling duck. It breeds in much of Europe and across the Palearctic, but is strictly migratory, with the entire population moving to Africa, India, Bangladesh and Australasia during the winter of the Northern hemisphere where large flocks can occur. (Wikipedia. 2026. Garganey https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garganey)
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the rhizosphere bacteria that can enhance plant growth by a wide variety of mechanisms like phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, biological nitrogen fixation, rhizosphere engineering, production of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACC), quorum sensing (QS) signal interference and inhibition of biofilm formation, phytohormone production, exhibiting antifungal activity, production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), induction of systemic resistance, promoting beneficial plant-microbe symbioses, interference with pathogen toxin production etc (Bhattacharyya, P.N., Jha, D.K. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): emergence in agriculture. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 28, 1327–1350 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-011-0979-9)
Salmonid alphavirus is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Alphavirus within the family Togaviridae. (Adapted from WOAH. nd. INFECTION WITH SALMONID ALPHAVIRUS. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/aahm/current/chapitre_salmonid_alphavirus.pdf)
The estimated number of fish caught, tabulated by size class and by other strata such as gear, nation and quarter. For any given species, catch at size should include all fish killed by the act of fishing, not just those fish that are landed. (Restrepo V. 2000. Annotated Glossary of Terms in Executive Summary Reports of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas´ Standing Committee on Research and Statistics (SCRS). ICCAT. https://www.iccat.int/Documents/SCRS/Other/glossary.pdf)
The Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) is a central component of the Paris Agreement that specifies how Parties to the Agreement – governments – should report their progress in mitigating and adapting to climate change. (Source: NDC Partnership. 2025. The Paris Agreement’s Enhanced Transparency Framework: The critical role of non-Party stakeholder data to effectively track progress https://ndcpartnership.org/knowledge-portal/climate-toolbox/paris-agreements-enhanced-transparency-framework-critical-role-non-party-stakeholder-data)
Biomineralization is a process in which organic matter and inorganic matter combine with each other under the regulation of living organisms. (Chen, Y.; Feng, Y.; Deveaux, J.G.; Masoud, M.A.; Chandra, F.S.; Chen, H.; Zhang, D.; Feng, L. Biomineralization Forming Process and Bio-inspired Nanomaterials for Biomedical Application: A Review. Minerals 2019, 9, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9020068)
In order to build increased resilience to a changing climate, countries now have to consider medium- to long-term planning through National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) within the framework of national priorities for low emissions and climate resilient development of the agricultural sectors so as to align and sustain growth, food security and poverty reduction. (FCCC/SBI/2014/MISC.1, CMNUCC, 2014 https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2014/sbi/eng/misc01.pdf)
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National adaptation plans are plans that outline how countries will adapt to climate change in the medium- and long-term. These plans allow governments at all levels – national, regional and local – to take action to protect people, livelihoods, infrastructure, economic activity and ecosystems.
Process for making, building or constructing a physical object from a three-dimensional digital model by laying down many successive thin layers of building material. (DeCS/MeSH. 2017. Printing, Three-Dimensional. https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=55768)
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3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model.
Nanosensors are nanoscale devices that can measure physical quantities and convert them into detectable and analyzable signals. They offer high sensitivity, good selectivity, small size, and portability, making them suitable for various applications. (Darwish MA, Abd-Elaziem W, Elsheikh A, Zayed AA. Advancements in nanomaterials for nanosensors: a comprehensive review. Nanoscale Adv. 2024 May 24;6(16):4015-4046. doi: 10.1039/d4na00214h. PMID: 39114135; PMCID: PMC11304082.)
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Nanosensors can be used in intelligent food packaging to monitor and report the condition of the food; and in medicine, detection of contaminants and pathogens, and monitoring manufacturing processes and transportation systems.
Land not belonging directly to the agricultural holding, but on which common rights apply. In general terms, common pasture is agricultural area owned by a public authority (state, parish, etc.) over which another person is entitled to exercise rights of common; these rights are generally exercisable in common with others. (FAO. 2017. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume I Programme, concepts and definitions. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i4913e)
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) refers to the use of computer technology in the production process. It is the use of computers to program, direct, and control production equipment in the fabrication of manufactured items. (Lee-Post, A. 2003. Computer-aided manufacturing. Encyclopedia of information systems vol 1. Elsevier Science, pp 187–203. Amsterdam, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227240-4/00012-5 DOI: 10.1016/B0-12-227240-4/00012-5)
Approximate, quantitative reasoning that is concerned with the linguistic ambiguity which exists in natural or synthetic language. At its core are variables such as good, bad, and young as well as modifiers such as more, less, and very. These ordinary terms represent fuzzy sets in a particular problem. (DeCS/MESH. 2017. Fuzzy Logic https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=30721)
