Materials derived from animals that are not intended for human consumption, including parts not used as food, products processed into non-edible goods and waste generated from slaughtering, food production and other processes. (FAOLEX. 2025. Glossary https://www.fao.org/faolex/)
The duration of time in a given day during which the culture organisms are exposed to light and dark. The light source can be natural or artificial. (FAO. 2008. Glossary of aquaculture. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/a1555m)
A marshy spring, where the water seeps up through an area of soil and/or permeable rock and forms a large marshy area. (Aquafeed (2003) Online glossary (www.aquafeed.com/glossary.php))
Note
Helocrene springs emerge diffusely in a marshy, wet meadow setting rather than having a discrete source.
Enclosed water bodies or ponds with an underground connection to the ocean. (Adapted from NOAA. 2024. What is an anchialine pool? National Ocean Service website, https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/anchialine.html 20/05/2025.)
Termites are social insects that build large nests in soil or wood and can occasionally cause damage to wooden structures. They are sometimes called 'white ants', however they belong to a completely different insect group (Order Isoptera) to true ants (Order Hymenoptera). (The Australian Museum. 2020. Termites https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/termites/)
Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) is an endemic pathogen causing significant economic losses to cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) production in West Africa. (Obok EE, Aikpokpodion PO, Ani OC, Allainguillaume J, Wetten A. Cacao swollen shoot virus detection and DNA barcoding of its vectors and putative vectors in Theobroma cacao L. by using polymerase chain reaction. BioTechnologia. 2021;102(3):229-244. doi:10.5114/bta.2021.108719.)
Refers to efforts taken to combat climate change and its impacts. These efforts involve reducing greenhouse gas emissions (climate mitigation) and/or taking action to prepare for and adjust to both the current effects of climate change and the predicted impacts in the future (climate adaptation). (EUR-LEX. nd. Climate action https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/climate-action.html)
Note
Not to be confused with "Climate Action", which is the short form of SDG 13.
The study of the anatomical and functional relationships between the nervous system and the endocrine system. (DeCS/MeSH. 2025. Neuroendocrinology.https://decs.bvsalud.org/ths/resource/?id=19622)
Coenurosis is the infection with the metacestode larval stage (coenurus; plural coenuri) of coenurus-forming Taenia species, including Taenia multiceps, T. serialis, T. brauni, and T. glomeratus. (CDC. 2019. DPDx. Coenurosis. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/coenurosis/index.html)
Note
Humans are an intermediate host. People with coenurosis do not develop a full tapeworm infection (taeniasis) because the larvae of coenurosis-causing parasites cannot develop into adult worms inside of humans. The ingested eggs develop into larvae that group within cysts known as coenuri.
The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is computed similarly to the SPI. The main difference is that SPI assesses precipitation variance, while SPEI also considers demand from evapotranspiration which is subtracted from any precipitation accumulation prior to assessment. Unlike the SPI, the SPEI captures the main impact of increased temperatures on water demand. (Government of Canada. 2021. Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index. https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/d765cc41-8ee0-4aca-be4b-084448e52a58)
The domestic goat, Capra hircus, is believed to be the first ruminant ever domesticated. (FAO. 1996. Goat Types of Ethiopia and Eritrea - Physical description and management systems https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/e58db5fd-2fc6-4053-b8f4-a96442d1c7fd/content/x5457e05.htm)
Galip nut (Canarium indicum) belongs to the kingdom Plantae, phylum Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Sapindales, family Burseraceae, genus Canarium, and species Canarium indicum. The nut is known for its distinctive properties, particularly its soft texture, which distinguishes it from all the major internationally traded nuts, its nutritional qualities, being high in oil, protein, vitamins and minerals it is also known for being nonperishable after basic processing. (FAO and WHO. 2025. Discussion paper on development of a regional standard for galip nut (North America and the South West Pacific). NASWP17/CRD02. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/)
Note
The common name in the Pacific is canarium nut. In Papua New Guinea, it is known as galip nut and also referred to as lawele (New Britain) and biuei (New Ireland). In Solomon Islands, it is commonly known as Ngali nut (Kwara’ae language), angari (Santa Ana), ngari (Kausage/Simbo and Varisi), ngoeta (Marovo), nolepo (Garciosa Bay), nyia nyinge (Ayiwo), and other names in other parts of Solomon Islands. In Vanuatu, it is known as nangai in local Bislama. Nanae (Santo Island), nige karia (Epi Island).
The process through which price changes in one part of the supply chain or market (often international) are passed through to other levels, such as wholesale, retail or consumer prices. (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2025. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025 – Addressing high food price inflation for food security and nutrition. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd6008en)
All food products derived from terrestrial plant and livestock production systems of any scale and from wild terrestrial animals and plants. (Adapted from FAO. 2022. Grazing with trees – A silvopastoral approach to managing and restoring trees. FAO Forestry Paper, No. 187. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2280en)
The North Atlantic Oscillation consists of opposing variations of surface pressure near Iceland and near the Azores. It therefore corresponds to fluctuations in the strength of the main westerly winds across the Atlantic into Europe, and thus to fluctuations in the embedded extratropical cyclones with their associated frontal systems. (IPCC, 2013: Annex III: Glossary [Planton, S. (ed.)]. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/glossary/)
Pea starch is a naturally slow-digesting starch that has a low glycemic index compared to other starches. There are two main types of pea starch, smooth pea starch and wrinkled pea starch, which differ in their amylose content, resulting in different physicochemical properties and food applications. Peas are one of the best raw materials for the production of highly resistant starch. (Zhang L, Apea-Bah FB, Chen X, Hornung PS, Malunga LN, Beta T. The physicochemical and structural properties and in vitro digestibility of pea starch isolated from flour ground by milling and air classification. Food Chem. 2023 Sep 1;419:136086. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136086. Epub 2023 Apr 3. PMID: 37030213.)
The fruit of Prunus spinosa, called a "sloe", is a drupe 10–12 mm in diameter, black with a purple-blue waxy bloom, ripening in autumn, and harvested traditionally after the first frosts. Sloes are thin-fleshed, with a very strong astringent flavour when fresh. The fruit is similar to a small damson or plum, suitable for preserves, but rather tart and astringent for eating, unless it is picked after the first few days of autumn frost. This effect can be reproduced by freezing harvested sloes. (Irish Wildlife Trust. nd. Blackthorn Prunus spinosa. https://iwt.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Blackthorn-Prunus-spinosa.pdf)
A wide range of conditions associated with soil erosion and soil degradation, which reduce the capacity of native or planted pastures to provide biological, hydrological, social, and economic related services. Pasture degradation may result from inadequate soil, plant or herd management. The degradation is normally related to overgrazing, insufficient weed and pest controls, and lack of fertilization. (Adapted from Pereira, O. J. R., Ferreira, L. G., Pinto, F., & Baumgarten, L. 2018. Assessing Pasture Degradation in the Brazilian Cerrado Based on the Analysis of MODIS NDVI Time-Series. Remote Sensing, 10(11), 1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111761 and Feltran-Barbieri R, Féres JG. Degraded pastures in Brazil: improving livestock production and forest restoration. R Soc Open Sci. 2021 Jul 7;8(7):201854. doi: 10.1098/rsos.201854. PMID: 34377503; PMCID: PMC8261223.)
A biomarker is a biological characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological or pathological processes, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Examples include patterns of gene expression, levels of a particular protein in body fluids, or changes in electrical activity in the brain. (Nature. 2025. Biomarkers articles from across Nature Portfolio. https://www.nature.com/subjects/biomarkers)
Note
Assessed biomarker responses can be of a functional, pathophysiological, and biochemical nature at the molecular, cellular, or histological levels.
A sudden and significant increase (or decrease) in the prices of energy commodities – such as oil, natural gas or electricity – often caused by geopolitical conflicts, supply disruptions or market volatility. These shocks can have wide-ranging effects on production costs, transportation, inflation and economic stability. (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2025. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025 – Addressing high food price inflation for food security and nutrition. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd6008en)
A region in which the river network is completely isolated from the world ocean: the water flowing in the rivers never reaches the sea. (Université de Rennes. 2025. What is an endorheic basin and why are they so important ? https://geosciences.univ-rennes.fr/en/what-endorheic-basin-and-why-are-they-so-important)
