Wild Water Buffalo (Bubalus arnee) belongs to family Bovidae of order Aritodactyla. Globally this species is native to Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Myanmar, Thailand and Nepal. (Adapted from Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal. 2020. Bubalus arnee. https://dnpwc.gov.np/en/species-detail/73/)
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Note: authorities differ on rank and name. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature discussed naming of the wild and domestic water buffaloes and ruled in 2003 that the scientific name Bubalus arnee is valid for the wild form. However, GBIF uses Bubalus bubalis subsp. arnee and designates this as a subspecies, see https://www.gbif.org/species/7559792
The angle between a wave that strikes a surface and the perpendicular to that surface at the point of incidence. (NALT https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/8884)
A bite inflicted by an insect, when an insect uses its mouthparts to pierce the skin of a mammal or reptile, usually to feed on its blood. (AGROVOC Team, 2025)
Nanoinsecticides are a type of insecticides that use nanotechnology to improve the efficacy and efficiency of chemicals on target organisms. These insecticides contain nanoparticles, which are extremely tiny particles, in the size between 1 to 100 nanometers. (Farhat, S.K., Binduja, S., Krishnan, J. (2024). Human Toxicity of Nanoinsecticides. In: Vivekanandhan, P., Krutmuang, P., Prasad, R., Krishnan, J. (eds) Nano-Insecticide. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75798-3_9)
Nanolaminates are multilayer films consisting of two or three alternating layers of different materials that are of nanometer-scale (≤ 100 nm) thickness. (Mohammad Nasim, Yuncang Li, Ming Wen, Cuie Wen. A review of high-strength nanolaminates and evaluation of their properties. Journal of Materials Science & Technology[J], 2020, 50(0): 215-244 DOI:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.03.011)
Biogenic habitats are habitats created by the occurrence of a suite of specific species that form a new complex environment for other species to live in and can locally promote biodiversity. Such habitats include coral reefs, oyster reefs, mussel beds, kelp forests and mangroves. (Adapted from: Lemasson, A.J., et al. (2020) Subtidal Benthic Invertebrate Conservation. pp 635-732 in: What Works in Conservation 2020. Open Book Publishers, Cambridge, UK. https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/2249)
The systematic use of participatory communication methods and tools to facilitate access to information, knowledge sharing and the active participation of the stakeholders involved in a development initiative. (FAO. 2014. Communication for Rural Development. Guidelines for Planning and Project Formulation https://www.fao.org/3/i4222e/i4222e.pdf)
An area-based (or spatial) management tool is an approach that enables the application of management measures to a specific area to achieve a desired policy outcome. A wide variety of area-based management tools exist, each with their own purpose, mandate and authority. In fisheries, they include reserves and closures, area-based gear restrictions, community-managed areas and seasonal closures, as well as dynamic tools such as ‘move on’ rules. (UNEP. 2018. The contribution of Area-based Management Tools to Sustainable Development Goals and Targets https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/459d/9704/bab5a7b2806f0513484fb620/mcb-em-2018-01-unep-submission1-en.pdf and FAO. 2022. A handbook for identifying, evaluating and reporting other effective area-based conservation measures in marine fisheries https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3307en)
Ammonium carbonate is an ammonium salt that is the diammonium salt of carbonic acid. It has a role as a raising agent and a food acidity regulator. It is a carbonate salt and an ammonium salt. Formula CH2O3.2H3N. Ammonium carbonate appears as a colorless crystalline solid or a white powder with a strong odor of ammonia. CAS Number 10361-29-2. (National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2025. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 517111, Ammonium Carbonate. Retrieved November 25, 2025 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Ammonium-Carbonate.)
Denman Island disease is due to Mikrocytos mackini. Susceptible mollusk species are the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), eastern oyster (C. virginica), European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis), and Olympia oyster (O. lurida). M. mackini also occurs in C. sikamea. Collectively, these organisms cause microcell disease or mikrocytosis. (Adapted from Roger Sie-Maen Chong, Chapter 74 - Mikrocytos mackini infection, Editor(s): Frederick S.B. Kibenge, Bernardo Baldisserotto, Roger Sie-Maen Chong, Aquaculture Pathophysiology, Academic Press, 2022, Pages 565-568, ISBN 9780323954341, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95434-1.00074-7)
Dust mites are microscopic, insect-like pests that commonly live in house dust. They feed on flakes of dead skin, or dander, that are shed by people and pets. These tiny creatures are a big source of allergens and can worsen allergies and asthma. (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 2022. Dust Mites and Cockroaches. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/allergens/dustmites)
Ammonium bicarbonate is an inorganic salt that conforms to the formula: (NH4)HCO3. Ammonium bicarbonate appears as a white crystalline solid having the odor of ammonia. Soluble in water. Leavening agent for certain baked goods; in pharmaceuticals; in fertilizers; in formulation of fire-extinguishing agents; scale removal and and in manufacturing. CAS Number 1066-33-7. (National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2025. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 14013, Ammonium Bicarbonate. Retrieved November 25, 2025 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Ammonium-Bicarbonate.)
A discontinuity of the skin exhibiting incomplete loss of the epidermis, a lesion that is moist, circumscribed, and usually depressed. (Human Phenotype Ontology. 2025. Skin erosion. https://hpo.jax.org/browse/term/HP:0200041)
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Skin erosions are superficial, involving only the epidermis with no damage to the dermis, while ulcers are deeper, extending into the dermis or beyond. Skin erosions and ulcers present themselves visually different and can be manifestations of different diseases or conditions,
Starch is the major storage form of carbohydrate in sorghum and millets. It consists of amylopectin, a branched-chain polymer of glucose, and amylose, a straight-chain polymer. Starch content in sorghum, which ranges from approximately 65% to 81% with an average of 79.5%, significantly influences physiochemical properties and consequently its wide range of applications. These applications include roles in a raw material in wine fermentation and a precursor for the synthesis of esters, alcohols, and aromatic acids. Additionally, its utility as a thickening agent and adhesive in the food industry is well documented. (Adapted from FAO. 1995. Sorghum and millets in human nutrition. https://www.fao.org/4/t0818e/T0818E00.htm AND Zahid, M. K., Ahmad, D., Amin, R., & Bao, J. (2025). Sorghum starch: Composition, structure, functionality, and strategies for its improvement. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 24, e70101. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.70101)
Cellulosic fibres, cellulose fibers or cellulose fibres are fibres made with ethers or esters of cellulose, which can be obtained from the bark, wood or leaves of plants, or from other plant-based material. In addition to cellulose, the fibres may also contain hemicellulose and lignin, with different percentages of these components altering the mechanical properties of the fibres. (Adapted from Wikipedia. 2025. Cellulose fiber. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_fiber)
Differences that exist within a single species. Intraspecific variation includes genetic and phenotypic diversity within and among populations of wild and domestic organisms. (Adapted from FAO. 2018. Agrobiodiversity, A Training Manual for Farmer to Groups in East Africa. http://www.fao.org/3/I9307EN/i9307en.pdf and Des Roches, Simone & Pendleton, Linwood & Shapiro, Beth & Palkovacs, Eric. (2021). Conserving intraspecific variation for nature’s contributions to people. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5. 1-9. 10.1038/s41559-021-01403-5.)
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Use for comparisons of the characteristics within a species. For discussions of the number and variety of species in a specific area or community of organisms use "species diversity" <c_00ba8c53>.
Green tides, the phenomenon whereby large volume of marine environment is taken over by the sea lettuce Ulva spp, are a seasonal occurrence thought to be caused mainly by anthropogenic eutrophication. (Fort A, Mannion C, Fariñas-Franco JM, Sulpice R. Green tides select for fast expanding Ulva strains. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Jan 1;698:134337. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134337. Epub 2019 Sep 6. PMID: 31518784.)
Poultry fats are the rendered or extracted fats from fatty tissues of poultry. The entire product may be consumed. (FAO & WHO. 1993. Portion of Commodities to which Maximum Residue Limits Apply and which is Analyzed (CAC/GL 41-1993) CAC/GL 41-1993)
Boreholes are narrow, deep holes that are drilled or bored into the ground to access subsurface resources or obtain geological information. They are commonly used in various fields, including geology, hydrogeology, mining, construction, and environmental sciences. (FAOLEX. 2025. Glossary https://www.fao.org/faolex/)
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A borehole is a deep, narrow hole drilled into the ground for various purposes, including water extraction, mineral exploration, or geotechnical investigation, while a tubewell is a type of well in which a long, narrow steel tube or PVC pipe is sunk into the ground to extract groundwater.
Agrivoltaic systems are characterized by the co-existence of photovoltaic panels on agricultural land, allowing simultaneous solar energy and food production without need for further land. (Paschalis, A., Bonetti, S., & Fatichi, S. (2025). Controls of ecohydrological grassland dynamics in agrivoltaic systems. Earth's Future, 13, e2024EF005183. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005183)
An international organization which is not established by inter-governmental agreement that is a formally constituted, legally registered, free from commercial interest, non-profit organization that provides services, information and expertise, for example in development, health and human rights. (Adapted from ECOSOC cited at https://uia.org/faq/yb4 and UNESCO https://uis.unesco.org/en/glossary-term/ingos-or-ngos)
The legume pod borer, a moth, is a prominent pest of cowpeas and other beans throughout East and West Africa. The caterpillars feed on buds and flowers, and bore into the bean pods, eating the seeds and leaving a hole in the pod. (Plantwise Knowledge Bank. n.d. Legume pod borer. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20203114196)
