Larvae of the sheep nasal botfly (Oestrus ovis) develop in the nasal sinuses of sheep. Signs of infestation include nasal discharge and sneezing (Zannou, O., Sow, A., Rekik, M., Amole, T., Doyle, R., van der Hoek, R., Marshall, K., Haile, A. and Dione, M. 2024. Manual of integrated package for herd health, reproduction and feed management of small ruminants in Mali. Manual. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/1b27b4d3-6946-4667-8985-f499b666f763/content)
Silage made from potato vines and non-commercial roots provide an excellent low cost feed for pigs, cattle, goats and sheep. (Adapted from Kabirizi, J.M.; Lule, P.; Kyalo, G.; Mayanja, S; Ojakol, J.F.; Mutetikka, D.; Lukuyu, B. 2017. Sweetpotato silage manual for smallholder farmers. Expanding utilization of Roots, Tubers and Bananas and reducing their postharvest losses. Kampaña (Uganda). CGIAR RTB. 24 p. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/9274bc53-2a18-4d51-86ee-6811c4dea001/content)
A female crustacean with fertilized eggs held on the underside of her abdomen. (Adapted from Northeastern University Marine Science Center. 2013. Berried Lobster https://cosresearch.wordpress.com/2013/07/09/berried-lobster/)
Hair has a characteristic rough and upstanding appearance. (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. 2025. What are the symptoms of animal trypanosomiasis? https://www.tsetse.org/tsetse-faq/tsetse-and-trypanosomiasis/what-are-the-symptoms-of-animal-trypanosomiasis)
Note
Symptom of underlying conditions. Different from "dull haircoat" which is related to the shine and opacity of the coat, while "staring haircoat", sometimes mentioned as simply "rough haircoat" or "staring coat" is associated with the texture of the fur and its upstanding appearance.
The genus Bubalus includes several species of wild and domesticated buffaloes, primarily found in Asia and Africa. The most notable species within this genus are the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), the Anoas (Bubalus depressicornis and Bubalus quarlesi), and the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), which is sometimes classified under the same genus due to historical taxonomic confusion. (Priyono DS, Solihin DD, Farajallah A, Purwantara B (2024) Biogeographic history of the endangered dwarf buffalo, subgenus Anoa (Bovidae: Bubalus quarlesi and Bubalus depressicornis): a perspective based on mitochondrial DNA phylogeny. Evolutionary Systematics 8(2): 311-321. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.132970)
Apparatus used for separating cream from milk. (FAO. 1990. The technology of traditional milk products in developing countries http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E03.htm ; Food Technologies: a Women Issue, IWTC, The Tribune, Newsletter 36, 3rd Quarter 1986;)
Bush beans are short plants of Phaseolus vulgaris, growing to not more than 60 cm in height, often without requiring supports. Classification as "bush beans" and "pole beans" is independent of the distinction of the use as "dry beans" or "green beans". (Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_bean)
The average individual weight of the fish in each age class of a particular stock. (Gough, J. and T. Kenchington. 1995. A Glossary of Fisheries Science. Communications Branch, DFO, Nova Scotia. https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/183874.pdf)
Publicly owned inventories of food held in anticipation of events of acute food insecurity. In such episodes, governments or designated agencies release these reserves into markets or distribute them as emergency food assistance. Thus, they serve as a precautionary source of food during market disruptions. Strategic food reserves usually involve staple foods and, in particular, grains. (World Bank, WFP & FAO. 2025. Strengthening Strategic Grain Reserves to Enhance Food Security. Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/43131)
Note
Strategic food reserves play a role in mitigating the impact of food supply shocks and ensuring national market stability; the two most common types are emergency stocks and buffer stocks.
Ranavirosis is a disease affecting amphibians, reptiles, and fish, caused by viruses of the genus Ranavirus within the family Iridoviridae. These viruses are associated with systemic infections and have been linked to significant mortality events in these animal populations. (Adapted from Sharifian-Fard M, Pasmans F, Adriaensen C, et al. Ranavirosis in Invasive Bullfrogs, Belgium. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2011;17(12):2371-2372. doi:10.3201/eid1712.110236. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/12/11-0236_article)
Temporary crops are those with a less than one-year growing cycle. (FAO. 2017. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume I Programme, concepts and definitions. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i4913e)
Vascularization is the process of growing blood vessels; it is crucial not only in the physiology, but may also play the main role in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases. (Jacenik D, Hikisz P, Beswick EJ, Fichna J. The clinical relevance of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor F5 for human diseases and cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2023 Jun;1869(5):166683. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166683. Epub 2023 Mar 4. PMID: 36878303; PMCID: PMC10164118.)
Eel fisheries are fisheries that harvest eels for commercial or sport fishing in marine, brackish and freshwaters. (ASFA, 2025. Adapted from European Commission. 2025. Eel. https://oceans-and-fisheries.ec.europa.eu/ocean/marine-biodiversity/eel_en)
The term ‘emerging contaminants‘ is used to describe substances which are not yet regulated but may be of environmental or human health concern. (British Geological Survey. 2025. Emerging contaminants in groundwater. https://www.bgs.ac.uk/geology-projects/emerging-contaminants-in-groundwater/)
A device which increases the water pressure or moves water. (Online Glossary of Irrigation Terms, Visy Industries Australia, 2009 (http//www.irrig8right.com.au/Glossary/Glossary.htm); DN, CSCM, FAO, 2009.)
Infection with salmonid alphavirus (SAV) refers to a systemic viral disease affecting salmonid species, notably Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). The disease is characterized by necrosis and loss of exocrine pancreatic tissue, as well as lesions in the heart and skeletal muscles. (Adapted from WOAH. nd. INFECTION WITH SALMONID ALPHAVIRUS https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/aahm/current/chapitre_salmonid_alphavirus.pdf)
In the context of the UNFCCC, refers to loss and damage as a result of adverse effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and slow onset events. (Adapted from UNFCCC. 2015. Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Article 8.)
Note
This refers to loss and damage associated with climate change impacts. Usually used in singular form in English in UNFCC context. For the general phenomena of "losses" see <c_4438>. For the general phenomena of "damage" see <c_26768>.
Sand and dust storms (SDS) are natural atmospheric events generated in arid and semiarid regions, usually caused by strong near-surface winds associated with thunderstorms and frontal synoptic conditions. During these weather-driven extreme events, large amounts of particles of a broad range of sizes are uplifted from the soil. Sand and dust distinguish the size of the particles involved in SDS – “sand” refers to coarse particles (with diameters of > 60 micrometres (mm)) and “dust” refers to finer particles (with diameters of < 60 mm, including silt and clay). (WMO. 2025. Guidelines on Sand and Dust Storm mitigation. GAW Report No. 305 https://library.wmo.int/idurl/4/69235)
Note
The term sand storm is used most often in the context of desert sand storms, especially in the Sahara, or places where sand is a more prevalent soil type than dirt or rock, when, in addition to fine particles obscuring visibility, a considerable amount of larger sand particles are blown closer to the surface. Whereas the term dust storm is more likely to be used when finer particles are blown long distances, especially when the dust storm affects urban areas.
Multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) or Multiple-criteria decision making (MCDM) is a sub-discipline and full-grown branch of operations research that is concerned with designing mathematical and computational tools to support the subjective evaluation of a finite number of decision alternatives under a finite number of performance criteria by a single decision maker or by a group. (Behzadian, Majid & Otaghsara, Sina & Yazdani, Morteza & Ignatius, Joshua. (2012). A state-of the-art survey of TOPSIS applications. Expert Systems with Applications. 39. 13051–13069. 10.1016/j.eswa.2012.05.056 citing Lootsma, F. A. 1999. Multi-criteria decision analysis via ratio and difference judgement. Kluwer Academic Publishers.)
Any benzoic acid carrying one or more phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring. (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI). CHEBI:24676 - hydroxybenzoic acid. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:24676)
Rates of currency conversion that aim to equalize the purchasing power of different currencies by eliminating differences in price levels between countries. The basket of goods and services priced represents a sample of all those included in final consumption expenditure, actual consumption, gross fixed capital formation, and total goods and services. (OECD. 2025. Purchasing power parities (PPP). In: OECD. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/purchasing-power-parities-ppp.html)
Fruit flies are small, two-winged insects that damage ripe fruits, vegetables, and other organic matter. Several species and subspecies of fruit fly pests damage different plants in different countries worldwide. (CABI BioProtection Portal. 2025. Fruit fly pest guide https://bioprotectionportal.com/resources/fruit-fly-pest-guide-identification-impact-and-control/)
Note
The Tephritidae are one of two fly families referred to as fruit flies, the other family being the Drosophilidae.
