Strangles is a highly contagious disease of the equine upper respiratory tract caused by the bacterium Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi). The bacteria cross mucous membranes in the nose and mouth to infect lymph nodes where they cause abscesses that can eventually rupture. (UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 2020. Strangles https://ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/strangles)
Tick paralysis is a rare form of paralysis in animals and humans caused by a toxin released by certain ticks. This paralysis is reversed upon tick removal. (Provincial Health Services Authority, 2024. Tick Paralysis http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/tick-borne-diseases/tick-paralysis)
Tremor is a neurological condition that includes shaking or trembling movements in one or more parts of the body. (NINDS. 2023. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/tremor)
On Fabaceae. Gall: mycelium white, generally dense-felty, amphigenous; partly also internal. Conidia single, without fibrosin bodies. (Plant Parasites of Europe. 2021. Leveillula papilionacearum. https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/)
A bacterial zoonotic disease of the northern hemisphere. The bacterium (Francisella tularensis) is highly virulent for humans and a range of animals such as rodents, hares and rabbits. It may cause epidemics and epizootics. (WHO, 2007)
Vesicular stomatitis is a viral disease which primarily affects horses, cattle, and swine. The agent that causes vesicular stomatitis, VSV, has a wide host range and can occasionally infect sheep and goats. In affected livestock, VSV causes blister-like lesions to form in the mouth and on the dental pad, tongue, lips, nostrils, hooves, and teats. (USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2024. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/cattle/vesicular-stomatitis)
Vibriosis is an infection caused by several species of a group of bacteria called Vibrio. Vibriosis is one of the most prevalent fish diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio. (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2022. Vibriosis (infection with Vibrio): Symptoms and treatment https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/food-poisoning/vibrio.html and cabicompendium.59324, CABI Compendium, doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.59324, CABI International, vibriosis in fish, (2022))
Intergovernmental economic organization (1949-91) founded by USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania. In the course of time Albania (1949-87), GDR (1950-90), Mongolia (1962), Cuba (1972) and Vietnam (1978) took also part as well as Yugoslavia (1964) as associate member. (EuroVoc http://eurovoc.europa.eu/5086)
Where tectonic plates move away from each other (divergent plate boundaries), magma from the mantle rises and accumulates as a chain of volcanoes called a mid-ocean ridge. (U. S. Geological Survey, 2009. Glossary. Living with a Volcano in Your Backyard–An Educator's Guide https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/19/downloads/Appendixes/V_Glossary.pdf)
Extracts from potato peel, a phenolic-rich plant byproduct that has multiple biological functions. Potato waste contains valuable chemical components like phenols which are suitable to apply in food preservation and pharmaceutical industries. (Adapted from Gebrechristos, Haftom & Ma, Xiaochi & Xiao, Fang & He, Yonghuan & Zheng, Shuwen & Oyungerel, Gurjav & Chen, Weihua. (2020). Potato peel extracts as an antimicrobial and potential antioxidant in active edible film. Food Science & Nutrition. 8. 10.1002/fsn3.1119.)
The Standardized Precipitation Index, or SPI, is a drought index that captures how observed precipitation deviates from the climatological average over a given time period. (National Integrated Drought Information System. nd. Global Gridded Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) from CMORPH Daily. https://www.drought.gov/data-maps-tools/global-gridded-standardized-precipitation-index-spi-cmorph-daily)
Note
The most commonly used indicator worldwide for detecting and characterizing meteorological droughts. The SPI is based on the probability of precipitation for any time scale. The probability of observed precipitation is then transformed into an index.
Haemonchosis is a common and severe disease of the ruminant abomasum in many parts of the world. Haemonchus contortus infects mainly sheep and goats, while Haemonchus placei occurs mainly in cattle. The pathogenesis of Haemonchus infection is the result of anaemia and hypoproteinaemia caused by the bloodsucking activity of the parasite. ((2008). Haemonchosis. In: Mehlhorn, H. (eds) Encyclopedia of Parasitology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48996-2_1381)
Marteilia refringens is a protozoan parasite of the phylum Cercozoa and order Paramyxida. (WOAH. nd. Infection with Marteilia refringens. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/aahm/current/chapitre_marteilia_refringens.pdf)
A form of selection based on the principle that information from a large number of markers distributed across the genome can be used to capture diversity in that genome, sufficient to estimate breeding values without having a precise knowledge of where specific genes are located. (FAO. 2025. Glossary for aquatic genetic resources for food and agriculture. CGRFA-20/25/6.2/Inf.1. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd4254en)
