A coastal ecosystem includes estuaries, coastal waters, and lands located at the lower end of drainage basins, where stream and river systems meet the sea and are mixed by tides. The coastal ecosystem includes saline, brackish (mixed saline and fresh), and fresh waters, as well as coastlines and the adjacent lands. (Convertino, Matteo & Nardi, Fernando & Kiker, G. & Muñoz-Carpena, R. & Troccolli, A.. (2013). Epitomes of Bottom-Up Hydro-Geo-Climatological Analysis to Face Sea Level Rise in Complex Coastal Ecosystems. Climate Vulnerability: Understanding and Addressing Threats to Essential Resources. 5. 267-282. 10.1016/B978-0-12-384703-4.00502-5.)
Irrigation efficiency is defined as the ratio of the volume of water required for irrigation (which includes water needed for crop transpiration, soil leaching to prevent salinization, weed control, etc.) over the volume of water diverted from the source of supply. (https://www.fao.org/3/i7959e/i7959e.pdf)
A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses. (http://www.yso.fi/onto/mesh/D012254)
Whole-wheat flour (in the US) or wholemeal flour (in the UK) is a powdery substance, a basic food ingredient, derived by grinding or mashing the whole grain of wheat, also known as the wheatberry. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole-wheat_flour)
Ferromanganese nodules form in the oxidizing environment of the abyssal pelagic zone. They are the result of ion exchange reactions that precipitate ore components from the water (sedimentary) or out of the interstitial water of the sediments layers (diagenetic). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromanganese_nodules)
Types of lakes. Lakes may be classified according to their manner of formation or current characteristics. (Adapted from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/lake)
The Anatolian Black raised in Turkey for its meat, milk and fiber. They are part of the Syrian type and while usually black they are sometimes seen in brown, gray or pied. (Mason, I.L. 1996. A World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties. Fourth Edition. C.A.B International. 273 pp.)
Bees comprise the clade Anthophila within the superfamily Apoidea. The Anthophila are a monophyletic group of vegetarian wasps colloquially called bees among a grade of otherwise predatory families. (ADAPTED FROM Engel, M.S., Rasmussen, C., Gonzalez, V.H. (2020). Bees. In: Starr, C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Social Insects. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_14-1)
The process by which the nutritional quality of food crops is improved through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding or modern biotechnology. The term biofortification refers to the process, not the end result in the food. (Walton, J., Brown, L., Foley, K. & Fracassi, P. 2026. Guidance note to promote nutrient-enriched crops – A contribution to the reduction of micronutrient deficiencies in vulnerable rural communities. Rome, FAO. https://doi. org/10.4060/cd8161en)
Feed management is the practice of managing the quantity of available nutrients, feedstuffs, or additives fed to livestock and poultry for their intended purpose. (https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/health/?cid=nrcs144p2_027180)
A zoonotic inflection caused by Burkholderia mallei, a Gram negative, non-motile, non-encapsulated and non-spore-forming bacillus in the bacterial family Burkholderiaceae. (Glanders, OIE, 2013 (http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_World/docs/pdf/Disease_cards/GLANDERS.pdf).)
Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis (EHN) is a viral disease of perch and rainbow trout. The viruses belong to the genus Ranavirus in the family Iridoviridae. The disease occurs in perch and rainbow trout, but experimentally it is shown that several species are susceptible to EHNV. (European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Fish and Crustacean Diseases, 2018. Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis (EHN). https://www.eurl-fish-crustacean.eu/fish/diagnostic-manuals/ehn)
Note
For "infectious haematopoietic necrosis", see <c_f1345226>.
