The misuse of power through which the perpetrator gains control or advantage of the abused, using and causing physical or psychological harm or inciting fear of that harm. Abuse prevents persons from making free decisions and forces them to behave against their will. (UNHCR, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons: Guidelines for Prevention and Responses, May 2003. In UNHCR Handbook for the Protection of Women and Girls https://www.unhcr.org/47cfad9e2.pdf)
The expansion in the ability of women and girls, and other marginalized populations, to make strategic life choices and to transform these choices into actions and outcomes in a context where this ability was previously denied to them. This relates to equal enjoyment of human rights, development of capabilities and increased access to resources and opportunities. Empowerment requires building agency to use these rights, capabilities, resources and opportunities strategically in order to transform societal structures and processes that perpetuate inequalities and cause discrimination against women and girls. (FAO. 2023. The status of women in agrifood systems. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc5343en)
A process through which informal areas are gradually improved, formalised and incorporated into the city itself, through extending land, services and citizenship to slum dwellers. (UN-Habitat)
A chemical substance or micro-organism intended to destroy, deter, render harmless or exert a controlling effect on any harmful organism by chemical or biological means. (FAO & WHO. 2017. Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. Codex Code of Practice, No. CXS 53-2003. Rome. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius)
Note
The terms "biocides" and "pesticides" are regularly interchanged, and often confused with "plant protection products". To clarify this, pesticides include both biocides and plant protection products, where the former regards substances for non-food and feed purposes and the latter regards substances for food and feed purposes. European legislation defines biocides as as a chemical substance or microorganism intended to destroy, deter, render harmless, or exert a controlling effect on any harmful organism by chemical or biological means. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses a slightly different definition for biocides as "a diverse group of poisonous substances including preservatives, insecticides, disinfectants, and pesticides used for the control of organisms that are harmful to human or animal health or that cause damage to natural or manufactured products". The two definitions roughly imply the same, although the US EPA definition includes plant protection products and some veterinary medicines.
Sand waves are flow-transverse bedforms with lengths of hundreds of meters and heights commonly between 1 and 15m, with gentle slopes of mostly 2–5 degrees (Thaiënne A.G.P. van Dijk, Jim Best, Andreas C.W. Baas, Subaqueous and Subaerial Depositional Bedforms, Editor(s): David Alderton, Scott A. Elias,
Encyclopedia of Geology (Second Edition),
Academic Press, 2021, Pages 771-786, ISBN 9780081029091,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102908-4.00187-9.)
Fermented vegetables are a type of pickled product, formed by the action of lactic acid bacteria, usually in the presence of salt. (FAO & WHO. 2023. General Standard for Food Additives. Codex Standard, No. CXS 192-1995. Rome. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius)
The outcome of poor nutritional intake in terms of quantity and/or quality, and/or poor absorption and/or poor biological use of nutrients consumed as a result of repeated instances of disease. It includes being underweight for one’s age, too short for one’s age (stunted), dangerously thin for one’s height (suffering from wasting) or deficient in vitamins and minerals (suffering from micronutrient deficiency). (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2024. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024 – Financing to end hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd1254en)
Stickwater is the aqueous liquid fraction resulting from the wet rendering (cooking) of fish into fishmeal. (Fish as feed inputs for aquaculture, FAO 2009 http://www.fao.org/3/i1140e/i1140e.pdf)
Phytogeography has the task of obtaining lists of the plants that are found in a certain area and which together make up the local flora. On the basis of this material, the Earth has been divided into main phytogeographic regions. (Adapted from https://snl.no/plantegeografi)
Marburg virus disease (MVD), formerly known as Marburg haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. The Marburg virus is transmitted to people from fruit bats and spreads among humans through human-to-human transmission. (https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease)
A formulation containing one or more volatile active ingredients, the vapours of which are released into the air. Evaporation rate is normally controlled by using suitable formulations and/or dispensers. (FAO/WHO. 2016. Manual on development and use of FAO and WHO specifications for pesticides. 1st Edition, 3rd revision, FAO, Rome. Available online: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/manual/en/ )
Yield stability refers to how stable the yield of an agricultural system is over time from one year to another. (https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog30/node/138#:~:text=Yield%20stability%20refers%20to%20how,amounts%20of%20food%20each%20year.)
Outlier analysis refers to the task of identifying those patterns from the data whose behaviors do not conform to the expected one. (https://doi.org/10.2991/ijcis.11.1.50)
Acrida bicolor is a grasshopper species in the Acrididae family. It is found in Africa, the Middle East, and southern Europe. (Wikipedia, 2024. Acrida bicolor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrida_bicolor)
Mirabilis jalapa, the marvel of Peru or four o'clock flower, is the most commonly grown ornamental species of Mirabilis plant, and is available in a range of colours. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabilis_jalapa)
