Taungya is a system of forest management in which land is cleared and planted initially to food crops. Seedlings of desirable tree species are then planted on the same plot, leading in time to a harvestable stand of timber. (Menzies, N. Three hundred years of Taungya: A sustainable system of forestry in south China. Hum Ecol 16, 361–376 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00891648)
An instrument composed of lens, shutter, and image sensor, used to capture and store images, either digitally via an electronic image sensor, or chemically via a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. (Adapted from CaLaThe, 2024. Camera. http://www.cadastralvocabulary.org/CaLAThe/Camera and Wikipedia, 2024. Camera. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera)
Products formulated mostly or entirely from substances derived from foods or other organic sources, typically containing few or no whole foods. They are durable, convenient, accessible, highly or ultra-palatable, and often habit-forming. Ultra-processed foods are typically not recognizable as versions of foods, although they may imitate the appearance, shape and sensory qualities of foods. Many ingredients are not available in retail outlets. Some ingredients are directly derived from foods, such as oils, fats, flours, starches and sugars; others are obtained by further processing of food constituents or synthesized from other organic sources. (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2025. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025 – Addressing high food price inflation for food security and nutrition. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd6008en)
Note
Many ingredients are not available in retail outlets. Some ingredients are directly derived from foods, such as oils, fats, flours, starches and sugars; others are obtained by further processing of food constituents or synthesized from other organic sources.
The state in which two surfaces are held together by interfacial forces which may consist of valence forces or interlocking action or both. (https://agclass.nal.usda.gov/mtwdk.exe?k=default&l=60&w=4199&n=1&s=5&t=2)
Thymus subcollinus Klokov is the accepted name of a species in the genus Thymus (family Lamiaceae). (http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-268483)
Participatory action research is a form of research in which participants explore their own situation in an organized way, using their own experience and observations to identify problems and try out solutions. (FAOTERM)
Fodder intended for fish in aquaculture establishments, in any form and of any composition. (FAO and WHO. 2020. Code of Practice for Fish and Fishery Products. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0658en)
Aquatic resources: Biotic element of the aquatic ecosystem, including genetic resources, organisms or parts thereof, populations, etc. with actual or potential use or value (sensu lato) for humanity. Fishery resources are those aquatic resources of value to fisheries. (FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, FAO, 2014. http://firms.fao.org/firms/concepts/en)
Water conductivity is a measure of the ability of water to conduct electricity. Water conductivity is useful as a general measure of water quality. (Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic) and https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/vms59.html)
Consolida armeniaca (Stapf ex Huth) Schrödinger Abh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 4(5): 9, 62 (1909) (http://www.bizimbitkiler.org.tr/v2/sonuc.php?i=Vm0xMFlWbFdWWGhUYmxKWFlrWndUMVpyV25kaFJsWnhVbTVrV2xadGVIcFhhMUpQVkcxS1NHVkdhRmhXUlRWMldWVmFXbVF4WkhOalJtUlhaV3hhVFZkV1ZtRlhiVlowVW10c1ZXSklRazlaYkZWM1RWWmFWbGRyV2xCV2EwcFRWVVpSZDFCUlBUMD0=)
Specific leaf area (SLA; fresh-leaf area/dry mass) describes the amount of leaf area for light capture per unit of biomass invested. (Torrez, V., Jørgensen, P. M., & Zanne, A. E. (2013). Specific leaf area: a predictive model using dried samples. Australian Journal of Botany, 61(5), 350-357. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT12236)
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) is considered to be a disease caused by infection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV, synonym: Egtved virus). VHS is a disease of farmed rainbow trout, farmed turbot, farmed Japanese flounder as well as a broad range of wild freshwater and marine species caused by VHSV. (WOAH. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/aahm/current/2.3.10_VHS.pdf)
Note
For the bacterial fish disease, please see "trout haemorrhagic septicaemia" <c_16749>.
Vorticity measures the local rotation of a fluid parcel. (https://uwaterloo.ca/applied-mathematics/current-undergraduates/continuum-and-fluid-mechanics-students/amath-463-students/vorticity)
Vertebrate and invertebrate organisms that burrow. A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to construct a space suitable for habitation or temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion. (Adapated from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrow)
A social network is a social structure made up of a set of social actors (such as individuals or organizations), sets of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network)
Turkey manure comprises the dropping of turkeys, mixed with bedding of absorbent material, e.g. sawdust, wood shavings, straw on the floors of buildings housing housing turkeys. (Adapted from "RAMIRAN Glossary of terms on livestock and manure management 2011")
