Naturally occurring mycotoxin in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, dried chili peppers, and other foods contaminated with fungi. CAS No. 7220-81-7 (PubChem https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2724360)
CAS Registry Number 113158-40-0 (Fenoxaprop P. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=113158-40-0 (retrieved 2025-02-26) (CAS RN: 113158-40-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).)
Crater lakes are volcanic lakes typically associated with volcanoes that are classified as polygenetic. An active crater lake is located above an active vent. Inactive crater lakes are associated with volcanic vents that are no longer attached to magma reservoirs. (Adapted from Manville, V. (2015) Volcano-Hydrologic Hazards from Volcanic Lakes. In: Volcanic Lakes. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36833-2_2)
The Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius), also known simply as the jay without any epithets in the United Kingdom and Ireland, is a species of passerine bird in the crow family Corvidae. (Wikipedia. 2025. Eurasian jay. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_jay)
The genus Dickeya includes plant pathogenic bacteria attacking a wide range of crops and ornamentals as well as a few environmental isolates from water. (Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Pédron J, Van Gijsegem F. Insight into biodiversity of the recently rearranged genus Dickeya. Front Plant Sci. 2023 Jun 20;14:1168480. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1168480. PMID: 37409305; PMCID: PMC10319131.)
Food loss is the decrease in the quantity or quality of food resulting from decisions and actions by food suppliers in the chain, excluding retail, food service providers and consumers. Empirically, it refers to any food that is discarded, incinerated or otherwise disposed of along the food supply chain from harvest/slaughter/catch up to, but excluding, the retail level, and does not re-enter in any other productive utilization, such as feed or seed. (Adapted from FAO. 2019. The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/ca6030en/ca6030en.pdf AND https://www.fao.org/platform-food-loss-waste/food-loss/introduction/en/)
Bioenergy crops are defined as any plant material used to produce bioenergy. (Michigan State University Extension, https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/234/79471/Gould_Charles_GrowingFuelsBioenergyCrop.pdf)
The stinging organelles of jellyfish, sea anemones, and other cnidarians, known as nematocysts, are remarkable cellular weapons used for both predation and defense. Nematocysts consist of a pressurized capsule containing a coiled harpoon-like thread. (Karabulut A, McClain M, Rubinstein B, Sabin KZ, McKinney SA, Gibson MC. The architecture and operating mechanism of a cnidarian stinging organelle. Nat Commun. 2022 Jun 17;13(1):3494. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31090-0. PMID: 35715400; PMCID: PMC9205923.)
Circling: Locomotion is in circles. As a clinical sign, means that the animal moves in circles in a repetitive manner (to one side only), either continuously or in response to specific stimuli (or the absence thereof). Circling can occur in a physiological state but is pathological if it occurs all the time. It can be either a neurological or behavioural disorder (e.g., stereotypic behaviour). (Adapted from Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations, 2015. Glossary of clinical signs in laboratory animals. https://felasa.eu/working-groups/guidelines/id/16)
Note
Circling is an abnormal behavior which can be observed in both animals and humans that is often indicative of neurological or inner ear problems. Circling behaviour can also be observed in marine megafauna (related to foraging, homing, courtship), birds and locusts, but is not necessarily a sign of disorder. For swirling (aggregation behaviour, moving with a whirling motion) see "swirling" <c_2eac5b15>.
The red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) is generally accepted as the ancestor of modern chicken breeds (Gallus gallus domesticus). Although domestication began around 2500-2100 BC, wild red jungle fowl are still found in their native range in India and Southeastern Asia. (NAL Thesaurus)
Speleology is the scientific study of caves and other karst features, as well as their make-up, structure, physical properties, history, life forms, and the processes by which they form (speleogenesis) and change over time (speleomorphology). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speleology)
Wheals are itchy or burning swellings, variable in size, often surrounded by reflex erythema, and of a fleeting nature, lasting anywhere from 1-24 h before disappearing. The symptoms of urticaria (wheals and/or angioedema) can also occur in other conditions or diseases, for example, anaphylaxis. (Zuberbier T. Classification of urticaria. Indian J Dermatol. 2013 May;58(3):208-10. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.110830. PMID: 23723472; PMCID: PMC3667284.)
Note
Wheals and urticaria are related but refer to different aspects of the condition. Wheals are the individual raised, itchy bumps that appear on the skin in response to a trigger, like an allergy, insect bite, or other irritant. They are the physical marks you see on the skin. Urticaria, on the other hand, is the condition or reaction that causes the outbreak of these wheals, along with redness, itching, and sometimes swelling. Hives is a common term used interchangeably with urticaria.
