Environmental charges are paid for the right to use the environment and the purpose for the implementation thereof is to avoid or decrease possible damages related to the use of natural resources, emission of pollutants into the environment and waste disposal. (https://www.keskkonnaamet.ee/en/activities/environmental-charges)
Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a mutation or a block of DNA replication. (https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/34181)
A disease caused by an infection with the gram-negative bacteria Coxiella burnetti. (https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/2113860626)
A stable emulsion for application to the seed, either directly or after dilution. (http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/Specs/JMPS_Manual_2016/3rd_Amendment_JMPS_Manual.pdf)
Plant metabolism is defined as the complex of physical and chemical events of photosynthesis, respiration, and the synthesis and degradation of organic compounds. (Journal of Plant Physiology & Pathology. https://www.scitechnol.com/plant/plant-metabolism.php)
The ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation, country or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. (https://ipbes.net/endemism)
The Vicugna genus includes a wild species which is the vicuna (Vicugna vicugna), and a domestic species which is the alpaca (Vicugna pacos). (Genaro C. Miranda-de la Lama, Morris Villarroel, Behavioural biology of South American domestic camelids: An overview from a welfare perspective, Small Ruminant Research, Volume 220, 2023, 106918, ISSN 0921-4488, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106918)
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide. (MeSH, 2024. Hyperventilation http://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D006985)
Value chain analysis is the assessment of a portion of an economic system where upstream agents in production and distribution processes are linked to downstream partners by technical, economic, territorial, institutional and social relationships. (http://www.fao.org/docs/up/easypol/935/value_chain_analysis_fao_vca_software_tool_methodological_guidelines_129en.pdf)
The Anglo-Nubian is a British breed of domestic goat. It originated in the nineteenth century from cross-breeding between native British goats and a mixed population of large lop-eared goats imported from India, the Middle East and North Africa. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Nubian_goat)
The part of the total mortality rate that is due to fishing. Fishing mortality is usually expressed as an instantaneous rate and can range from 0 per year (for no fishing) to high values such as 1.0 or more per year. (Restrepo V. (1999): Annotated Glossary of Terms in Executive Summary Reports of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas´ Standing Committee on Research and Statistics (SCRS). ICCAT)
Enzyme immunoassays employ antibodies or antigens conjugated to enzymes in such a way that the immunological and enzymatic activity of each moiety is maintained. (Enzyme immunoassays in diagnostic medicine
Theory and practice *
A. VOLLER,' D. E. BIDWELL, & ANN BARTLETT https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/260873/PMC2366417.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1)
Coefficient of infection is calculated by multiplying disease severity and constant values of infection type: here, stem rust. (Adapted from Residual effect of defeated stripe rust resistance genes/QTLs in bread wheat against prevalent pathotypes of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Singh H, Kaur J, Bala R, Srivastava P, Sharma A, et al. (2022) Residual effect of defeated stripe rust resistance genes/QTLs in bread wheat against prevalent pathotypes of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. PLOS ONE 17(4): e0266482. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266482)
