A semi-permanent crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Cassava is the staple food in many tropical countries. It is not traded internationally in its fresh state as it deteriorates very rapidly. (Core Commodities Concepts and Definitions, FAOSTAT2 Commodity Listing, Statistics Division, FAO, 2005.)
Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) is an edible root that is very rich in starch, thereby making it a good source of carbohydrates and calories. Also, it is rich in calcium, vitamins B and C, and other essential minerals. Cassava roots can survive in the soil for up to 3 years. It is consumed by millions of people in the tropics and subtropics, (Forkum, Ambang & Wung, Alang & Kelese, Mark & Ndum, Che & Lontum, Alvin & Kamga, Emmanuel & Nsaikila, Melaine & Okwen, Mbah. (2025). Safety of cassava and cassava-based products: a systematic review. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 9. 10.3389/fsufs.2025.1497609.)
The fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K, are stored in the body for long periods of time and generally pose a greater risk for toxicity when consumed in excess than water-soluble vitamins. (http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/nutrition-food-safety-health/fat-soluble-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-9-315)
The term ’blood group’ usually refers to an individual’s combination of Red Blood Cell (RBC) surface antigens. (International Society of Blood Transfusion: Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology. https://www.isbtweb.org/isbt-working-parties/rcibgt.html)
A closed form of stratification in which an individual’s status is determined by birth and cannot be changed. (Elwell, F. 2013. Glossary of Sociology. In Sociocultural Systems. Principles of Structure and Change. https://read.aupress.ca/read/sociocultural-systems-principles-of-structure-and-change/section/b9d25a9e-9550-4871-a7f1-59f5add30d2f)
Chromatic adaptation is the chromatically induced change in the colour of cyanobacteria cells which is largely attributable to a change in phycoerythrin-phycocyanin ratio. (ASFA Thesaurus)
Dry, inert powder made from blood. Blood usually comes from cattle or hogs as a slaughterhouse by-product. (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/AGRO_00000086)
Note
Avoid confusion with feeding by blood-sucking arthropods
The total number (or weight) of fish caught by fishing operations. Catch should include all fish killed by the act of fishing, not just those landed .The component of fish encountering fishing gear, which is retained by the gear. (United States. National Marine Fisheries Service. 2006. NOAA Fisheries glossary. NOAA tech. memo. NMFS F/SPO ; 69 https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/12856)
Note
The catch is usually expressed in terms of wet weight. It refers sometimes to the total amount caught, and sometimes only to the amount landed.
Caterpillars are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar)
Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil or spiked water-milfoil) is native to Europe, Asia, and north Africa. It is a submerged aquatic plant, and grows in still or slow-moving water. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriophyllum_spicatum)
Parent stock (males and females) kept to produce fertile eggs for broilers production. (RAMIRAN Glossary of terms on livestock and manure management 2011)
A pouch that forms the first part of the large intestine. It connects the small intestine to the colon, which is part of the large intestine. (National Cancer Institute, 2025. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Cecum https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cecum)
Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role. (National Library of Medicine. MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), 2025, 'Immunity, Cellular', http://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D007111)
