Aphelenchoides besseyi is a major nematode pathogen in rice (Oryza sativa), known as the causal agent of white tip disease. (Xu, Xing & Xue, Qing & Xie, J.L. & Yang, Fang & Peng, Y.L. & Ji, Hongli. (2019). Population structure and species delimitation of rice white tip nematode Aphelenchoides besseyi (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) in China. Plant Pathology. 69. 10.1111/ppa.13113.)
The strawberry crimp nematode (Aphelenchoides fragariae) is a serious pathogen of ornamental crops and a significant quarantine concern in approximately 50 countries and regions. (Huang, Q., Liao, Y., Huang, C., Peng, H., Tsang, L., Lin, B., Peng, D., Liao, J., & Zhuo, K. (2024). Integrative identification of Aphelenchoides fragariae (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) parasitizing Fuchsia hybrid in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture.)
Plinthosols are soils with plinthite, petroplinthite or pisoliths. Plinthite is a Fe-rich (in some cases also Mn-rich), humus-poor mixture of kaolinitic clay (and other products of strong weathering such as gibbsite) with quartz and other constituents. It usually changes irreversibly to a layer with hard concretions or nodules or to a hardpan on exposure to repeated wetting and drying. Petroplinthite is a continuous or fractured sheet of connected, strongly cemented to indurated concretions or nodules or concentrations in platy, polygonal or reticulate patterns. Pisoliths are discrete, strongly cemented to indurated concretions or nodules. Both petroplinthite and pisoliths develop from plinthite by hardening. Traditional names are Groundwater Laterite Soils and Perched Water Laterite Soils. Many of these soils are known as Plintossolos (Brazil), Sols gris latéritiques (France), Petroferric Kandosols (Australia) and Plinthaquox, Plinthaqualfs, Plinthoxeralfs, Plinthustalfs, Plinthaquults, Plinthohumults, Plinthudults and Plinthustults (United States of America). (IUSS Working Group WRB. 2015. World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, update 2015 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106. FAO, Rome.)
