Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious and often severe disease found worldwide that affects birds including domestic poultry. It is caused by a virus in the family of paramyxoviruses. (https://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/animal-diseases/Newcastle-disease/)
The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infects domestic and wild birds, having been described in at least 241 species. NDV is an enveloped, single stranded RNA virus within the family of Paramyxoviridae, genus Avulavirus (https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/viruses/newcastle-disease-virus)
A waterspout is an intense columnar vortex (usually appearing as a funnel-shaped cloud) that occurs over a body of water. (Burt, Christopher (2004). Extreme weather : a guide & record book. Cartography by Stroud, Mark. (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393326581)
Uncoated paper, unsized (or only slightly sized), containing at least 65 percent mechanical or thermo-mechanical wood pulp (percent of fibrous content), of the type used mainly for the printing of newspapers, usually weighing not less than 40 g/m2 and generally not more than 57 g/m2. (FAO. 2023. Pulp and paper capacities, survey 2022–2024/Capacités de la pâte et du papier, enquête 2022-2024/Capacidades de pulpa y papel, estudio 2022-2024. Rome/Roma. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc7461t)
Rural women are women who live and work in rural areas, primarily in agriculture, food production and rural economies. They are often engaged as farmers, workers, producers, entrepreneurs, caregivers and contributors to family farming and rural livelihoods. (Adapted from FAO. 1995. Modules on gender, population & rural development with a focus on land tenure & farming system. https://www.fao.org/4/x0252e/x0252e00.htm)
Note
Women in rural areas. Rural women are not a homogenous group.
