Bryology is the branch of botany concerned with the scientific study of bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts). (Wikipedia, 2024. Bryology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryology)
A fracture is a partial or complete break in the bone. (Johns Hopkins Medicine. 2024. Fractures. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/fractures)
Aphidoidea are an insect superfamily from the order Hemiptera, which includes about 10 families or subfamilies and about 5000 species. Aphids are widespread sap-feeding plant pests and can transmit at least 30 % of plant viruses. (Romanov DA, Zakharov IA, Shaikevich EV. Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, and Rickettsia symbiotic bacteria in aphids (Aphidoidea). Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii. 2020 Oct;24(6):673-682. doi: 10.18699/VJ20.661. PMID: 33659853; PMCID: PMC7716544.)
The black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli is a polyphagous aphid causing significant damage to several cultivated and uncultivated plants (Béji, B. & Bouktila, Dhia & Mezghani Khemakhem, Maha & Bouhachem, Sonia & Makni, Mohamed & Makni, Hanem. (2015). Structure of the Black Bean Aphid Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Complex, Inferred from DNA Barcoding. African Entomology. 23. 321–328. 10.4001/003.023.0206.)
Brachycaudus helichrysi is a significant pest on Prunus, on crops of sunflower and also in the greenhouse production of chrysanthemums. The toxic effect of its saliva causes crinkling of the foliage (photo: apical part of a sunflower plant). It is also harmful to artichoke capitula. The species transmits some viruses that depend on the non-persistent mode, such as cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). (INRAE. 2024. Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach, 1843). https://eng-encyclopedie-pucerons.hub.inrae.fr/species/aphids/brachycaudus/b.-helichrysi)
