The number or proportion of fish surviving (escaping from) a given fishery at the end of the fishing season and reaching the spawning grounds. Term generally used for anadromous fish management (e.g. on salmon) but also for some squid fisheries. (MRAG. 2009. Fisheries management and recovery plans since 2002. A report to the European Parliament, IP/B/PECHE/IC/2008-111. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2009/431582/IPOL-PECH_ET(2009)431582_EN.pdf)
Note
Escapement or escapement rate is a number or proportion of fish surviving (escaping from) a given fishery. For "escaped farmed fish", use <c_f9ced805>.
The inorganic fraction of phosphate-phosphorus. Generally determined as the sum of reactive phosphate-phosphorus and acid-hydrolyzable phosphate-phosphorus. (EPA. 2025. Inorganic phosphorus https://cdxapps.epa.gov/oms-substance-registry-services/substance-details/17297649)
Fishing vessel used for attracting and retaining the fish from a school with the aid of live bait thrown in the sea. (Adapted from FAO. 1993. Resources, fishing and biology of the tropical tunas of the Eastern Central Atlantic. https://www.fao.org/3/T0081E/T0081E04.htm#ch4.2.1)
A sudden and significant increase (or decrease) in the prices of goods, commodities or services. causes include geopolitical conflicts, supply disruptions, natural disasters and market volatility. (Adapted from FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2025. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025 – Addressing high food price inflation for food security and nutrition. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd6008en)
Foods of plant origin (leaves, stems, roots, tubers, fruits, nuts, seeds) or animal origin (meat, other flesh, tissue and organs, eggs, milk), consumed shortly after harvesting, gathering, slaughter or husbanding. (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2025. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025 – Addressing high food price inflation for food security and nutrition. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd6008en)
Water swollen, rigid, 3-dimensional network of cross-linked, hydrophilic macromolecules, 20-95% water. They are used in paints, printing inks, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. (DeCS/MESH. 2025. Hydrogels. https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=33856)
Starch is found in the endosperm of the oat granule with trace amounts in the embryo and other organs; the oat starch granules are not embedded in a continuous protein matrix, as the protein is localized in discrete structures. (Zhou, Meixue & Robards, Kevin & Glennie-Holmes, Malcolm & Helliwell, Stuart. (1998). Structure and Pasting Properties of Oat Starch. Cereal Chemistry. 75. 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.3.273.)
The level of severity of food insecurity at which people have likely run out of food, experienced hunger and, at the most extreme, gone for days without eating, putting their health and well-being at grave risk, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2025. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025 – Addressing high food price inflation for food security and nutrition. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd6008en)
A pumping station is a small building containing pumps and equipment for pumping fluids from one place to another. Used in pipe systems to transport drinking water, industrial water, irrigation water, stormwater or wastewater around the community. (Adapted and translated from Wikipedia. 2025. Pumpestasjon. https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpestasjon)
Ectotherms are animals that have little internal control of their body temperature and generally are at or close to the ambient environmental temperature. (Gregory A. Lewbart, 51 - Euthanasia of Ectotherms, Editor(s): R. Eric Miller, Nadine Lamberski, Paul P. Calle, Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 9, W.B. Saunders, 2019, Pages 357-363, ISBN 9780323552288,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-55228-8.00051-5.)
Note
In ectotherms, body temperature comes from the heat provided by the external environment. The opposite is "endotherms". Poikilothermic animals may be ectotherms, and vice versa, but the terms are not synonymous.
Estuaries characterized by the dominance of evaporation over freshwater input, leading to a reversed salinity gradient and circulation pattern compared to typical estuaries. (Adapted from Descroix L, Sané Y, Thior M, Manga S-P, Ba BD, Mingou J, Mendy V, Coly S, Dièye A, Badiane A, et al. Inverse Estuaries in West Africa: Evidence of the Rainfall Recovery? Water. 2020; 12(3):647. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030647)
Foods that have been industrially prepared, including those from bakeries and catering outlets, and which require no or minimal domestic preparation apart from heating and cooking (such as bread, breakfast cereals, cheese, commercial sauces, canned foods including jams, commercial cakes, processed meats, biscuits and sauces). (FAO. 2015. Guidelines on the collection of information on food processing through food consumption surveys. Rome. www.fao.org/3/i4690e/i4690e.pdf)
A temporary crop grown in a compact plantation of permanent crops. (FAO. 2026. Draft World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2030. Master Draft March 2025. https://www.fao.org/media/docs/statisticslibraries/wca/wca-round-2030/wca_2030_full_13thdraft_05-03-2025.pdf)
Note
A temporary crop grown in a compact plantation of permanent crops – a so-called associated crop – should be distinguished from a mixed crop.
Cacao swollen shoot disease (CSSD) which results from cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) infection is now regarded as the major viral disease affecting cacao and has been recognized as one of the most important diseases in West Africa limiting cacao production. (Muller E, Ravel S, Agret C, Abrokwah F, Dzahini-Obiatey H, Galyuon I, Kouakou K, Jeyaseelan EC, Allainguillaume J, Wetten A. Next generation sequencing elucidates cacao badnavirus diversity and reveals the existence of more than ten viral species. Virus Res. 2018 Jan 15;244:235-251. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.019. Epub 2017 Nov 21. PMID: 29169831.)
The seed is comprised of an outer coating of hard, saturated fat, embedded in a fibrous matrix, separated from an oily seed kernel by a hard impermeable shell. The kernel oil is highly unsaturated, and is a mixture of about two-thirds conventional triglycerides, and one-third tetraester triglycerides (estolides). (Scheld, H. W., Cowles, J. R., Engler, C. R., Kleiman, R., & Schultz Jr, E. B. (1984). Seeds of the Chinese tallow tree as a source of chemicals and fuels. In Fuels and chemicals from oil seeds: Technology and policy options. AAAS Selected symposium (Vol. 91, pp. 81–101). https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780429044779-7/seeds-chinese-tallow-tree-source-chemicals-fuels-scheld-joe-cowles-cady-engler-robert-kleiman-eugene-shultz)
Pharmacists are health-care professionals who dispense prescription medications and provide information to patients about the drugs and their use. (Adapted from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2025. Pharmacists. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/pharmacists.htm)
Note
Healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy. For scientists who specializes in the study of chemistry, see "chemists" <c_1523>.
Strategic grain reserves are defined as publicly owned inventories of food grains held in anticipation of episodes of acute food insecurity caused by trade and supply-chain disruptions. (World Bank, WFP & FAO. 2025. Strengthening Strategic Grain Reserves to Enhance Food Security. Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/43131)
Set nets consist of a stationary fishing gear, anchored and buoyed at each end. (FAO. 2021. Fishing Techniques. Shark bottom set gillnetting https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/fishtech/1091/en)
Note
Set net fishing does not need bait and, apart from a few areas with strong tidal flow, is much more efficient than longlines for catching various species of bottom dwelling fish, sharks and associated species.
Locally led action is used to denote approaches where programmes are conceived, shaped and delivered closer to the communities; designed in accordance with local norms and needs; and which may occur with or without support from the formal international system. (ALNAP, 2025. Locally led humanitarian action. https://alnap.org/help-library/focus-topics/locally-led-humanitarian-action/)
Certificate issued by a legally constituted authority of the federal or state government stating that a seed has been inspected and found to be free of quarantine diseases. These certificates are frequently used in international seed trade agreements to prevent the spreading of seed-borne diseases among countries. (FAO. 2010. Seeds in Emergencies, FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 202. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i1816e.pdf)
Note
For the action of phytosanitary certification, see <c_4508e5b1>.
The weight of a specimen (soil, plant or other organism) after drying until no appreciable additional loss of water is possible. (Adapted from Legacy tree data. 2015. Glossary. https://charcoal2.cnre.vt.edu/TreeData/biomass_tools/biomass-tools/web/section.php?page=Glossary)
The bottom layer or deep waters of a waterbody in a thermally stratified lake. It is typically cooler than the epilimnion. (UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. 2024. Reviews into evidence for sediment enrichment and lake restoration best practice for the Windermere catchment https://lovewindermere.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Windermere-reviews-sediment-enrichment-evidence_final-1.pdf)
Note
Similar to concept <c_f39f7c69> "deep layer" in oceans and oceanography context, but hypolimnion is specific to stratified freshwater lakes.
