The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. (Adapted from National Library of Medicine. MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), Theobromine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68013805)
Vertisols are heavy clay soils with a high proportion of swelling clays. These soils form deep wide cracks from the surface downward when they dry out, which happens in most years. Common local names for Vertisols are Black cotton soils and Regur (India), Black turf soils (South Africa) or Margalites (Indonesia). In national soil classification systems they are called Slitozems or Dark vertic soils (Russia), Vertosols (Australia), Vertissolos (Brazil) and Vertisols (United States of America). (IUSS Working Group WRB. 2015. World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, update 2015 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106. FAO, Rome.)
A member of the genus Bombus; large, hairy social bees found almost worldwide, especially important in high-altitude and high-latitude pollinator communities. (Kearns and Inouye, 1993)
Submicron-sized fibers with diameters typically between 50 and 500 nanometers. The very small dimension of these fibers can generate a high surface area to volume ratio, which makes them potential candidates for various biomedical and other applications. (NALT)
A basin system that contains one or more aquifers, has defined boundaries, and is mappable. (Online Interpretive Groundwater Glossary, Compiled and Edited by Robert C. Ransom, retrieved in 2009 (http://interpretivegroundwaterglossary.com/); DN, CSCM, FAO, 2009. FAOTERM.)
A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase that degrades cyclic AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through adenylyl cyclases and cyclic AMP. (National Library of Medicine. MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Theophylline MeSH Descriptor Data 2024. https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D013806)
Air-sea interaction describes the dynamic, thermodynamic, and biogeochemical processes that link the atmosphere and oceans. (Center for Air-Sea Interaction and Marine Atmospheric Sciences at WHOI. 2026. What is air-sea interaction? https://www2.whoi.edu/site/casimas/)
The causal sequence for a development intervention that stipulates the necessary sequence to achieve desired results – beginning with inputs, moving through activities and outputs, and culminating in individual outcomes and those that influence outcomes for the community, goal/impacts and feedback. It also includes underlying assumptions.. (FAO, 2016. Managing for Results at FAO, Orientation Guide (MR937).)
Spirotetramat belongs to the chemical class of ketoenols and acts as a systemic insecticide for the control of a broad spectrum of sucking insects (FAO, 2008)
A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent. (ChEBI, 2024. CHEBI:15344 - acetoacetic acid ttps://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:15344)
The layer of a woody trunk, branch or root outside the cambium. (CPM. 2008. Report of the Third Session of the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, Rome, 7–11 April 2008. Rome, IPPC Secretariat, FAO.)
Note
All tissues outside the vascular cambium in aged woody stems; for the product use <822>
Vespula is a small genus of social wasps, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. (Wikipedia, 2024. Vespula. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespula)
Note
Along with members of their sister genus Dolichovespula, they are collectively known by the common name yellowjackets (or yellow jackets) in North America. Vespula species have a shorter oculomalar space and a more pronounced tendency to nest underground than Dolichovespula.
A person registered or licensed by the relevant veterinary statutory body of a country to practise veterinary medicine/science in that country. (FAOTERM, 2023. https://www.fao.org/faoterm/en/)
