The promotion of a particular commodity without reference to a specific producer, brand name or manufacturer. Producers join together to expand total demand for the commodity, thereby helping their own sales. These activities are often self-funded through assessments on marketings called check-off programs. (https://agclass.nal.usda.gov/mtwdk.exe?k=default&l=60&w=67868&n=1&s=5&t=2)
Holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity. (FAO. 2017. World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Volume I Programme, concepts and definitions. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i4913e)
Note
Agricultural methods without use of chemical products
Carpinus orientalis, known as the Oriental hornbeam, is a species of hornbeam in the birch family Betulaceae, subfamily Coryloideae, native to southeastern Europe and Western Asia (Wikipedia. 2025. Carpinus orientalis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus_orientalis)
Wastewater from clothes, washing machines, showers, bathtubs, hand washing, lavatories and sinks. Domestic wastewater without fecal contamination, i.e., all streams except for the wastewater from toilets. (Adapted from NALT https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/156845 and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywater)
Scaling up means expanding, replicating, adapting, and sustaining successful policies, programs, or projects to reach a greater number of people; it is part of a broader process of innovation and learning. (https://www.ifpri.org/publication/scaling-agriculture-rural-development-and-nutrition)
An extremely light and small aircraft, with a very small engine, that can carry only one or two people. For the purpose of locust work, it is suitable for finding locust targets and perhaps more cost effective than fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. (FAOTERM)
Rendering something incapable of activity or development. (Adapted from IPPC Secretariat. 2024. Explanatory document on ISPM 5 (Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms). Rome. FAO on behalf of the Secretariat of the
International Plant Protection Convention.)
Maedi-visna (MV) is a persistent lentivirus infection of sheep. Maedi-visna is also known as ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP). Maedi-visna is an Icelandic name that describes two of the clinical syndromes recognised in MV virus (MVV)-infected sheep. (https://www.woah.org/en/disease/maedi-visna/)
Note
‘Maedi’ means ‘laboured breathing’ and describes the disease associated with a progressive interstitial pneumonitis, and ‘visna’ means ‘shrinkage’ or ‘wasting’, the signs associated with a paralysing meningoencephalitis.
Biodynamic agriculture was presented as an alternative form of agriculture by the philosopher Rudolf Steiner and is nowadays considered one of the forms of organic agriculture. (Santoni, M., Ferretti, L., Migliorini, P. et al. A review of scientific research on biodynamic agriculture. Org. Agr. 12, 373–396 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-022-00394-2)
Root productivity is assumed to be the amount of root biomass accumulated during the interval. (Kangas P. 1992. Root growth in a subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rica. Biotropica 24: 463-465 cited in https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/24/1.0355268/4)
Lamium orientale E.H.L. Krause is a herbaceous annual plant species in the Lamiaceae family. (Tufekci, E. F., Çağlıyan, E., Burcu Balcı, G., Celik Altunoglu, Y., Nilofar, N., Zengin, G., … Baloglu, M. C. (2025). A rich source of natural compounds: comprehensive research on biological properties of Lamium orientale. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology, 159(2), 302–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2025.2466564)
A fluorometer or fluorimeter is a device used to measure parameters of visible spectrum fluorescence: its intensity and wavelength distribution of emission spectrum after excitation by a certain spectrum of light. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorometer)
