A technology based on equipping animals with GNSS transponders to determine their location that uses audio alerts, electric shocks or other prompts to keep animals within geolocated boundaries. It potentially eliminates the need for physical fencing, and the GNSS helps growers locate animals grazing in large open pastures. (FAO. 2022. The State of Food and Agriculture 2022. Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9479en)
