Lolium temulentum, or darnel, is an invasive annual weed worldwide and a competitive C3 grass weed that typically grows with wheat, sunflowers, and other winter crops under temperate climates.. The germination and growth of L. temulentum required low temperature and high soil moisture conditions. (Yang M, Zhao H, Xian X, Liu H, Li J, Chen L, Liu W. Potential global geographical distribution of Lolium temulentum L. under climate change. Front Plant Sci. 2022 Nov 10;13:1024635. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1024635. PMID: 36438088; PMCID: PMC9686299.)
The silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) s one of several species of whitefly that are currently important agricultural pests. A review in 2011 concluded that the silverleaf whitefly is actually a species complex containing at least 40 morphologically indistinguishable species. (Wikipedia. 2025. Silverleaf whitefly https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverleaf_whitefly)
P. aquatica, a perennial grass which can form large clumps and has short rhizomes around the base, has been extensively used as a pasture forage plant. (https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/70355)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the name given to the 2019 novel coronavirus. COVID-19 is the name given to the disease associated with the virus. SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain of coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. (https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/questions-answers)
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, formerly Serpulina hyodysenteriae and other binomial names, is a gram-negative anaerobic spirochete species of bacteria. It is the causative agent of swine dysentery. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachyspira_hyodysenteriae)
Mortal human food poisoning caused by dinoflagellate (Protozoa) endogenous neurotoxins (e.g. of Gonyaulax sp.), which have accumulated in host aquatic organisms, generally filter feeders such as bivalve molluscs (e.g. mussels and oysters). (Barnabé, G. (ed.) (1990) Aquaculture. Chichester, UK, Ellis Horwood. Vol. 1, 528 p. Vol. 2, 584 p. Transl. by L.M. Laird.)
