Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus can cause disease in both humans and equids with encephalitis in most clinical cases. WEE is typically maintained in nature by alternating between vertebrate hosts and vector mosquitoes. Encephalitis caused by this virus occurs sporadically in horses and humans from mid-summer to late autumn in temperate regions but can occur year-round in tropical regions, depending on climate conditions that support the presence of the mosquito vector. (Adapted from WOAH, 2024. Equine encephalomyelitis (Western). https://www.woah.org/en/disease/equine-encephalomyelitis-western/)
The wavelength of a sine wave, λ, can be measured between any two points with the same phase, such as between crests (on top), or troughs (on bottom), or corresponding zero crossings as shown.In physics, the wavelength is the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength)
Cold-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Amphibia, which includes species such as frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders. Amphibians are distinctive for having a life cycle that generally includes both aquatic and terrestrial stages. (FAOLEX. 2025. Glossary https://www.fao.org/faolex/)
The Hexanchiformes are a primitive order of sharks, numbering just seven extant species in two families. Fossil sharks that were apparently very similar to modern sevengill species are known from Jurassic specimens. (Wikipedia, 2024. Hexanchiformes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexanchiformes)
A disease caused by an infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Transmission is through the bite of an infected tsetse fly. (https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/875488052)
A process where the body temperature of a poikilotherm organism decreases and its metabolism reduces to a minimum. (FAO. 2014. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department)
Biosorption is a physiochemical process that occurs naturally in certain biomass which allows it to passively concentrate and bind contaminants onto its cellular structure. Biosorption can be defined as the ability of biological materials to accumulate heavy metals from wastewater through metabolically mediated or physico-chemical pathways of uptake. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosorption)
Companion planting, traditionally widely adopted in sustainable agricultural movements, such as permaculture and agroecology, leverages the synergistic interactions between different plant species and plays a pivotal role in sustainable farming. The main idea is to place together plants that support each other (companions), based on a variety of different interaction mechanics—e.g. because a plant attracts insects that help pollinate other plants. (Zamprogno, G., Adamik, M., Roothaert, R., Naghdipour, A., Stork, L., Koopmann, P., Pernisch, R., Kruit, B., Chen, J., Tiddi, I., Schlobach, S. 2024. Supporting Companion Planting with the CoPla Ontology. Proceedings of the The 2nd International Workshop on Knowledge Graphs for Sustainability (KG4S 2024) colocated with the 21st Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2024) https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3753/paper3.pdf)
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The cultivation of certain kinds of plants together in the same area, especially if one species will benefit from another, as planting an insect-repellent plant in a vegetable garden
