Cladodes are modified flattened stems with a characteristic ovoid or elongated shape; they are able to exert a photosynthetic function. Found in cacti and asparagus. (Adapted from Crop ecology, cultivation and uses of cactus pear, FAO, 2017 (http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7628e.pdf). and NALT https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/205171 )
Note
Young tender cladodes, called nopalitos, are consumed as fresh vegetables; they are used as an ingredient in a wide range of dishes, including sauces, salads, soups, snacks, pickles, beverages, confectionery and desserts.
The identification, systematic classification, and study of habits and distribution of forest trees and other woody plants. (https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/302042)
The “domestication syndrome” refers to an apparently disconnected set of phenotypic traits that appear to characterize domesticated species, in comparison with their wild relatives. (Rubio AO, Summers K (2022) Neural crest cell genes and the domestication syndrome: A comparative analysis of selection. PLoS ONE 17(2): e0263830. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263830)
Note
The word “syndrome” is not related to a particular pathological condition or disease.
Zabrus melancholicus is a species of ground beetle in the Pterostichinae subfamily that can be found in such Asian countries as Armenia, Syria and Turkey. (Wikipedia. 2025. Zabrus melancholicus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabrus_melancholicus)
The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about 23.03 to 5.333 million years ago (Ma). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene)
Alginic acid is a linear glycuronoglycan polymer consisting mainly of β-(1→4)-linked d-mannuronic and α-(1→4)-linked l-guluronic acid units extracted from natural strains of various species of brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae). (https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5049)
A willing seller is one who is neither eager nor reluctant to sell. (Multilingual thesaurus on land tenure (English version)
ISBN 92-5-104283-7
http://www.fao.org/3/a-x2038e.pdf)
Fucosterol (24-ethylidene cholesterol) is a bioactive compound belonging to the sterol group that can be isolated from marine algae. PubChem CID 528132. (Meinita, M. D. N., Harwanto, D., Tirtawijaya, G., Negara, B. F. S. P., Sohn, J.-H., Kim, J.-S., & Choi, J.-S. (2021). Fucosterol of Marine Macroalgae: Bioactivity, Safety and Toxicity on Organism. Marine Drugs, 19(10), 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19100545)
Dive tables or decompression tables are tabulated data, often in the form of printed cards or booklets, that allow divers to determine a decompression schedule for a given dive profile and breathing gas. (Wikipedia, 2024. Decompression equipment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_equipment)
A floor that is partly solid and partly slatted. Commonly used in pens for housing pigs and other livestock and designed so that the animals defecate and urinate on the slatted part. (Adapted from "RAMIRAN Glossary of terms on livestock and manure management 2011")
A soil with a pH value of less than 7.0; for practical purposes, soils with pH below 6.6. (IRRI, 2002. Acronyms and Glossary of Rice Related Terminology http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/images/docs/acronyms-and-glossary-of-rice-related-terminology.pdf)
Arak or araq is a distilled Levantine spirit of the anise drinks family. It is translucent and unsweetened. (Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arak_(drink))
The betel (Piper betle) is a vine belonging to the Piperaceae family, which includes both pepper and kava. Betel leaf is mostly chewed in Asia, and elsewhere in the world by some Asian emigrants, as betel quid or in paan, with Areca nut often with added tobacco. (Fyaz M.D. Ismail, Lutfun Nahar, Kalin Y. Zhang, Satyajit D. Sarker, Chapter Four - Antiparasitic natural products, Editor(s): Satyajit D. Sarker, Lutfun Nahar, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Academic Press, Volume 55, 2020, Pages 115-151, https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.armc.2020.03.001)
